Krzysztof Penderecki(1933-2020)潘德列奇
生平簡介
Krzysztof Penderecki(生於 1933 年 11 月 23 日,波蘭 Debica,死於 2020 年 3 月 29 日,克拉科夫),他是這一代傑出的波蘭作曲家,對配器的新穎和精湛的處理贏得了全世界的讚譽。
Penderecki 在克拉科夫高級音樂學校學習作曲(1958 年畢業),隨後成為那裡的教授。1959 年,他在第三屆華沙現代音樂節上引起了人們的注意,在那裡他演奏了用於女高音,揚聲器和 10 種樂器的 Strophes。次年演出了給 52 把弦樂器的 Anaklasis 和《為廣島的受難者譜寫》而聲名大噪。Threnody 展現了 Penderecki 對樂器的熟練和精緻處理,它使用了四分之一音簇(相距四分之一音的緊密音符組),滑奏(滑音),嘯叫和聲(微弱,部分弦振動產生的怪異音調)以及其他非凡的效果。Threnody 中使用的技術已擴展到他的聲樂作品《時間維度》(1961)和他的歌劇 《Loudun 的魔鬼》(1968)和《失樂園》(1978)。
潘德列奇(Penderecki)的《大衛詩篇》(1958 年)和斯塔巴特·馬特《Stabat Mater》(1962 年)反映了他作品中的一種簡單的線性趨勢(讓交織的旋律線佔主導地位並確定和聲)。Stabat Mater 結合了傳統和實驗元素,並導致產生了他的另一著名傑作《聖盧克激情》(St. Luke Passion,1963-66年)。從形式上講,後者的作品類似於巴洛克式的激情,例如約翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫(Johann Sebastian Bach)的作品,潘德列奇(Penderecki)使用傳統形式,例如帕薩卡利亞(passacaglia)(變奏形式),似頌歌般的自由,以及以基音 B♭-A-C-B(德語為 B-A-C-H)為基礎向巴赫致敬的12 音列(半音階的 12 個音的順序)。
潘德列奇(Penderecki)的給 52 把弦樂器卡農(1962)使用了文藝復興時期作曲家所熟知的和弦技術(基於交織的旋律)。然而,他還利用了偶然的音樂(機會性音樂),敲擊式的聲音表達,非傳統的音樂符號以及其他使他成為歐洲先鋒派領袖的技術。他後來的作品包括兩部分: Utrenja(1969-71;Morning Prayer),Magnificat(1973-74),波蘭安魂曲(1980-2005),第二大提琴協奏曲(1982;格萊美獎,1998)和歌劇 Ubu Rex(1990-91)和合唱作品 Phaedra(2002)。
除了穩定地作曲之外,Penderecki 還教授作曲和演奏。他收集的論文,訪談和其他著作發表在《迷宮的時光:千年終結的五個位址》(1998 年)中。 2004 年,他獲得了日本美術協會的音樂帝國獎。
創作作品
歌劇(Operas)
The Most Valiant Knight, children's opera in 3 acts (1965)
Die Teufel von Loudun (The Devils of Loudun, 1968–69), based on the nonfiction book of the same name byAldous Huxley.
Paradise Lost (1975–78), based on the epic poem by John Milton
Die schwarze Maske (The Black Mask) (1984–86), based on the play by Gerhart Hauptmann
Ubu Rex (1990–91), based on the play Ubu Roi by Alfred Jarry
交響曲(Symphonies)
Symphony No. 1 (1973)
Symphony No. 2: Christmas (1980)
Symphony No. 3 (1988–95)
Symphony No. 4: Adagio (1989), winner of the 1992 Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition
Symphony No. 5: Korean (1991–92)
Symphony No. 6: Chinese Poems (2008–17)
Symphony No. 7: Seven Gates of Jerusalem (1996), for soloists, speaker, triple chorus and orchestra
Symphony No. 8: Lieder der Vergänglichkeit (2004–05, rev. 2008), for voices, chorus and orchestra
管弦樂(Orchestral)
Symphonic Scherzo for orchestra (c. 1953–55, withdrawn)
Overture for orchestra (1956–57, withdrawn)
Epitaph Artur Malawski in Memoriam for string orchestra and timpani (1958)
Emanations (Emanacje, 1959) for two string orchestras tuned a semitone apart
Anaklasis (1959) for strings and percussion
Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima (Tren Ofiarom Hiroszimy, 1960) for 52 string instruments
Polymorphia (1961) for 48 string instruments
Fluorescences (Fluorescencje, 1961–62) for orchestra
Canon (1962) for string orchestra
Three Pieces in Baroque Style (1963, music for The Saragossa Manuscript)
De Natura Sonoris No. 1 (1966)
Pittsburgh Overture (1967) for wind band
Kosmogonia (1970)
De Natura Sonoris No. 2 (1971)
Prélude (1971) for winds, percussion and double basses
Actions (1971) for free jazz orchestra
Intermezzo (1973) for 24 strings
The Awakening of Jacob / The Dream of Jacob (1974)
Adagietto from Paradise Lost (1979)
Sinfonietta No. 1, for string orchestra (1992, arranged from String Trio)
Sinfonietta No. 2, for clarinet and strings (1994, arranged from Clarinet Quartet)
Music from Ubu Rex (1994)
Entrata (1994), for brass and timpani
Burlesque Suite from Ubu Rex (1995) for large wind band
Serenade, for string orchestra (1996–97)
Luzerner Fanfare (1998), for eight trumpets and percussion
Fanfarria Real (2003)
Danziger Fanfare (2008), for brass and percussion
Prelude for Peace (2009), for brass and percussion
De Natura Sonoris No. 3 (2012)
Sinfonietta No. 3, for string orchestra (2012, arranged from String Quartet No. 3)
Adagio for string orchestra (2013; from Symphony No. 3)
Polonaise for orchestra (2016)
Polonaise No. 2 for orchestra (2018)
Fanfare (2018)
協奏曲(Concertante)
鋼琴(Piano):
Piano Concerto: Resurrection (2001–02, revised 2007)
小提琴(Violin):
Violin Concerto (1962–63; withdrawn)
Capriccio for Violin and Orchestra (1967)
Violin Concerto No. 1 (1976–77, revised 1987), for Isaac Stern
Violin Concerto No. 2: Metamorphosen (1992–95), for Anne-Sophie Mutter
中提琴(Viola):
Viola Concerto (1983, also versions for: clarinet, cello, and version for chamber orchestra)
大提琴(Cello):
Sonata for Cello and Orchestra (1964), for Siegfried Palm
Cello Concerto No. 1 (1972)
Cello Concerto No. 2 (1982)
Cello Concerto (transcription from Viola Concerto, 1983)
Concerto Grosso No. 1, for three cellos and orchestra (2000–01)
Largo for cello and orchestra (2003)
長笛(Flute):
Fonogrammi for flute and chamber orchestra (1961)
Concerto for flute and chamber orchestra (1992)
Sinfonietta for flute and string orchestra (2019)
雙簧管(Oboe):
Capriccio for Oboe and Eleven Strings (1964)
單簧管(Clarinet):
Concerto for clarinet and chamber orchestra (1995, transcription from Flute Concerto, 1992)
Clarinet Concerto (1997, transcription from Viola Concerto, 1983)
Concerto Grosso No. 2, for five clarinets and orchestra (2004)
法國號(Horn)
Horn Concerto (2008)
其它(Others):
Concerto for violino grande and orchestra (1967; withdrawn)
Partita, for harpsichord, electric guitar, bass guitar, harp, double bass and orchestra (1971, revised 1991)
Music for alto flute, marimba and strings (2000; from Symphony No. 3)
Double Concerto for violin, viola and orchestra (2012)
Trumpet Concertino (2015)
Saxophone Concerto (2015; after Viola Concerto)
聲樂/合唱(Vocal/choral)
Asking for Happy Isles for voice and piano (c. 1954–55)
The Sky at Night for voice and piano (1955)
Silence for voice and piano (1955)
Psalms of David (1958)
Breath of Night for voice and piano (1958)
Strophen (1959) for soprano, speaker and ten instruments
Dimensions of Time and Silence (1959–61)
African Lyrics for voice and piano (1960)
Stabat Mater (1962)
Cantata (1964)
St Luke Passion (1965)
Dies Irae (1967)
Kosmogonia (1970)
Utrenja (Morning Prayer) (1969–71)
Ecloga VIII (1972)
Canticum Canticorum Salomonis (1970–73)
Magnificat (1973–74)
Te Deum (1979)
Agnus Dei (1981)
Polish Requiem (1980–84, revised and expanded 1993, expanded 2005 after Pope John Paul II's death)
Song of the Cherubim (1986)
Veni creator (1987)
Benedicamus Domino (1992)
Benedictus (1993)
Agnus Dei (1995, for the Requiem of Reconciliation)
De Profundis (1996)
Hymne an den heiligen Daniel (1997)
Hymne an den heiligen Adalbert (1997)
Credo (1997–98)
Benedictus (2002)
Santus for chorus a capella (2008)
Gloriosa virginum for chorus a capella (2009)
Kaddish (2009), for voices, choir, and orchestra
Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott (2010), for mixed choir, brass, percussion and string orchestra
Powiało na mnie morze snów... Pieśni zadumy i nostalgii (A sea of dreams did breathe on me... Songs of reverie and nostalgia, 2010)
Missa brevis for chorus a capella (2013)
Dies illa (2014), for three soloists, three mixed choirs and orchestra
Budapest '56 "Requiem" for narrator, soloists, chorus and orchestra (2015–16)
Domine quid multiplicati sunt for chorus a capella (2015)
室內樂(Chamber)
Violin Sonata No. 1 (1953)
Misterioso for flute and piano (1954 or 1955)
Three Miniatures for Clarinet and Piano (1956)
String Quartet (1956–57; withdrawn)
Three Miniatures for Violin and Piano (1959)
String Quartet No. 1 (1960)
String Quartet No. 2 (1968)
Der unterbrochene Gedanke, for string quartet (1988)
String Trio (1991)
Clarinet Quartet (1993)
Violin Sonata No. 2 (1999)
Sextet, for clarinet, horn, violin, viola, cello and piano (2000)
Agnus Dei, for eight cellos (transcription of the choral work; 2007)
String Quartet No. 3 (2008)
Serenata, for three cellos (2008)
Duo concertante, for violin and double bass (2010)
String Quintet (2015)
String Quartet No. 4 (2016)
樂器獨奏(Solo instrument)
小提琴(Violin)
Capriccio (2008)
Tanz (2009)
La Follia (2013)
中提琴(Viola)
Cadenza (1984)
Sarabande (2000–01)
Tanz (2010)
Tempo di valse (2013)
大提琴(Cello)
Capriccio per Siegfried Palm (1968)
Per Slava (1986)
Divertimento (1994)
Suite (1994-2013)
Violoncello totale (2011)
單簧管(Clarinet)
Prelude (1987)
法國號(Horn)
Capriccio per Radovan "Il sogno di un cacciatore" (2012)
低音號(Tuba)
Capriccio (1980)
鍵盤樂器(Keyboard)
Mensura sortis for 2 pianos (1963; withdrawn)
De rebus sonoribus for harpsichord (1965; withdrawn)
Aria, Ciaccona & Vivace (2019; first composition for solo piano)