1. who/that/which의 기본 용법
다음 예문을 살펴 보겠습니다:
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
여기에서 who lives next door가 관계사절입니다. 이 절은 문장의 일부분으로, the woman이 어떤 사람인지를 말해주고 있습니다. 이와 같이 관계사절은 사람 또는 사물에 대해 누구인지 어떤 종류인지를 설명하기 위한 목적으로 활용됩니다.
The woman who lives next door ... "who lives next door"는 그 여자가 어떤 여자인지를 설명해주고 있습니다.
People who live in London ... "who live in London"은 그 사람들이 어떤 사람들인지를 설명해주고 있습니다.
1) 대상이 사람인 경우
대상이 사람인 관계사절에는 who를 사용합니다. he/she/they는 사용하지 않습니다:
this woman - she lives next door - is a doctor
è The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
we know a lot of people - they live in London
è We know a lot of people who live in London.
An architect is someone who designs buildings.
What was the name of the man who lent you the money?
Anyone who is interested in the job must apply before next Friday.
who대신 that을 사용할 수 있습니다:
The man that lives next door is very friendly.
그러나 경우에 따라 반드시 who를 써야 할 때가 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 관계사절 - 부가 정보를 참고하기 바랍니다.
2) 대상이 사람이 아닌 경우
사물이나 동물에 대해 이야기할 때는 that이나 which를 사용합니다:
where is the cheese? - it was the refrigerator
è Where is the cheese that/which was in the refrigerator?
I don't like stories that have unhappy endings. (or stories which have)
Barbara works for a company that makes washing machines. (or a company which makes)
The machine that broke down has now been repaired. (or The machine which broke down)
일반적으로 이런 문장에는 which보다는 that을 더 많이 사용합니다. 그러나 경우에 따라 반드시 which를 써야 할 때가 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 관계사절 - 부가 정보를 참고하기 바랍니다.
2. 관계사의 기능 - 주어와 목적어
1) 관계사가 주어일 때
The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (or The woman that lives)
The woman lives next door. who (= the woman)는 주어입니다.
Where is the cheese that was in the refrigerator? (or the cheese which was)
The cheese was in the refrigerator. that (= the cheese)이 주어입니다.
Who/that/which는 이것들이 관계사절의 주어일 때만 사용합니다. 다음과 같이 말하지 않습니다:
The woman lives next door is a doctor.
Where is the cheese was in the refrigerator.
2) 관계사가 목적어일 때
경우에 따라 who/that/which는 동사의 목적어가 되기도 합니다:
The woman who I wanted to see was away on vacation.
I wanted to see the woman.
who (= the woman)는 I의 목적어입니다.
Have you found the keys that you lost?
You lost the keys.
that (=the key)은 you의 목적어입니다.
who/that/which는 목적어로 사용되면 문장 내에서 생략할 수 있습니다:
The woman I wanted to see was away. or The woman who I wanted to see...
Have you found the keys you lost? or ... the keys that you lost?
The dress Ann bought doesn't fit her very well. or The dress that Ann bought ...
Is there anything I can do? or ... anything that I can do?
3. 관계사절과 전치사
관계사절에서는 전치사의 위치에 주의해야 합니다:
do you know the woman? - Tom is talking to her
è Do you know the woman (who/that) Tom is talking to?
the bed - I slept in it last night - wasn't very comfortable
è The bed (that/which) I slept in last night wasn't very comfortable.
Are there the keys (that/which) you were looking for?
The woman (who/that) he fell in love with left him after a few weeks.
The man (who/that) I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time.
위 예문에서는 관계사 who/that/which를 생략할 수 있습니다.
4. 관계사 what
아래와 같은 문장에는 what을 사용할 수 없습니다:
Everything that happened was my fault. (not Everything what happened)
Everything (that) they said was true. (not Everything what they said)
I gave her all the money (that) I had. (not all the money what I had)
what은 "the thing(s) that"과 같은 뜻입니다:
Did you hear what they said? (= the things that they said)
What happened was my fault. (= the thing that has happened)