1. 부사의 기본 구조
다음 예문들을 살펴 보세요:
Our vacation was too short - the time passed very quickly.
The driver of the car was seriously injured in the accident.
위 예문에서 quickly와 seriously는 부사입니다. 대부분의 부사들은 "형용사 + ly" 형태입니다:
2. 형용사와 형용사의 차이
형용사는 명사에 관해 이야기합니다. 형용사는 명사 앞, 동사(특히 be 동사) 뒤에 사용합니다:
Tom is a careful driver. (not a carefully driver)
We didn't go out because of the heavy rain.
Please be quiet.
I was disappointed that my test results were so bad.
look/feel/sound와 같은 동사 뒤도 형용사를 사용합니다:
Why do you always look so serious?
비교해 보세요:
She speaks perfect English.
형용사 + 명사
look의 의미를 비교해 보세요:
Tom looked sad when I saw him.
Tom이 슬퍼 보이는 것입니다.
부사는 동사에 관해 이야기합니다. 부사는 어떻게 한 것인지 어떻게 발생됐는지를 이야기합니다:
Tom drove carefully along the narrow road. (not drove careful)
We didn't go out because it was raining heavily. (not raining heavy)
Please speak quietly. (not speak quite)
I was disappointed that I did so badly on the test. (not did so bad)
Why don't you ever take me seriously?
She speaks English perfectly.
동사 + 목적어 + 부사
Tom looked at me sadly.
Tom이 나를 슬프게 바라보는 것입니다.
3. 부사의 위치
부사는 형용사와 다른 부사 앞에 사용합니다:
reasonably cheap
terribly sorry
incredibly quickly
(부사 + 형용사)
(부사 + 형용사)
(부사 + 부사)
It's a reasonably cheap restaurant, and the food is extremely good.
Oh, I'm terribly sorry. I didn't mean to push you. (not terribly sorry)
Maria learns languages incredibly quickly.
The test was surprisingly easy.
부사는 과거분사 앞에도 사용할 수 있습니다(injured/organized/written 등):
Two people were seriously injured in the accident. (not serious injured)
The meeting was very badly organized.
4. Good/well
good은 형용사입니다. 같은 의미의 부사는 well입니다:
Your English is good. but You speak English well.
Susan is a good pianist. but Susan plays the piano well.
well은 과거 분사와 같이 사용되기도 합니다:
well dressed well known well educated well paid
5. Fast/hard/late
이 단어들은 형용사이면서 부사이기도 합니다:
형용사 부사
Jack is a very fast runner. Jack can run very fast.
Ann is a hard worker. Ann works hard. (not works hardly)
The train was late. I got up late this morning.
lately는 "최근에 (recently)"와 같은 의미로 사용됩니다:
Have you seen Tom lately?
6. Hardly
hardly는 "very little, almost not at all"과 같은 의미로 사용됩니다. 우리말로는 주로 "거의 ~아니다[않다]."로 해석됩니다.:
Sarah wasn't very friendly to me at the party. She hardly spoke to me. (= she spoke to me very little, almost not at all)
George and June want to get married, but they've only known each other for a few days. I don't think they should get married yet. They hardly know each other. (= they know each other very little)
hard와 hardly는 전혀 다릅니다. 아래 예문을 비교해 보세요:
He tried hard to find a job, but he had no luck. (= he tried a lot, with a lot of effort)
I'm not surprised he didn't find a job. He hardly tried to find one. (= he tried very little)
hardly는 때때로 "hardly + any/anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere" 형식으로 표현합니다:
A: How much money have you got?
B: Hardly any. (= very little, almost none)
I'll have to go shopping. We hardly have any food.
The exam results were very bad. Hardly anybody in our class passed. (= very few students passed)
She hardly ate anything. She wasn't feeling hungry.
(= she ate very little, almost nothing)
hardly의 위치에 주의해야 합니다:
She hardly ate anything. or She ate hardly anything.
We hardly have any food. or We have hardly any food.
"I can hardly do something"은 "그것은 내가 하기에 거의 불가능하다"라는 뜻입니다:
Your writing is terrible. I can hardly read it.
(= it is almost impossible for me to read it)
My leg was hurting me. I could hardly walk.
"hardly ever"는 "almost never"와 같은 의미입니다:
I'm almost always at home at night. I hardly ever go out.