1. 제한적 용법과 서술적 용법
관계사절에는 두 가지 종류가 있습니다. 소위 말하는 제한적 용법과 계속적 용법이 그것입니다. 제한적 용법은 관계사절이 주어를 설명해주는 역할을 하는 것이고, 계속적 용법은 형용사의 서술적 용법과 비슷한 역할을 합니다.
1) 제한적 용법과 서술적 용법의 비교:
타입 1
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
Barbara works for a company that makes washing machine.
We stayed at the hotel (that) Ann recommended to us.
타입1은 어떤 사람인지 또는 어떤 것인지를 말해줍니다:
"The woman who lives next door"는 어떤 여자인지를 말해줍니다.
"A company that makes washing machine"은 어떤 회사인지를 말해줍니다.
"The hotel (that) Ann recommended"는 어떤 호텔인지를 말해줍니다.
타입1에서는 콤마(,)를 사용하지 않습니다.
People who come from Texas love football.
타입 2
My brother Jim, who lives in Houston, is a doctor.
Brad told me about his new job, which he's enjoying very much.
We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us.
타입2는 어떤 사람인지 또는 어떤 것인지를 말하지 않습니다. 이미 어떤 것, 어떤 사람의 의미를 알고 있습니다:
"My brother Jim," "Brad's new job," 그리고 "the Grand hotel"
이 관계사절에서는 사람이나 대상에 대한 부가 정보를 줍니다.
타입2에는 콤마(,)를 사용합니다.
My English teacher, who comes from Texas, loves computers.
2) who/which
이 두 종류의 관계사절에서 who는 사람에게, which는 사람이 아닌 것에 사용합니다:
타입 1
that을 사용할 수 있습니다:
Do you know anyone who/that speaks French and Italian?
Barbara works for a company that/which makes washing machines.
that/who/which는 목적어로 사용되면 생략할 수 있습니다:
We stayed at the hotel (that/which) Ann recommended.
This morning I met somebody (who/that) I hadn't seen for ages.
이 유형의 관계사절에는 whom은 어울리지 않습니다.
타입 2
that을 사용할 수 없습니다:
John, who (not that) speaks French and Italian, works as a tourist guide.
Brad told me about his new job, which (not that) he's enjoying very much.
who나 which는 생략할 수 없습니다:
We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us.
whom은 목적어로 사용할 수 있습니다:
This morning I met Diane, whom (or who) I hadn't seen for ages.
3) whose와 where
whose와 where은 이 두 유형 모두에서 사용할 수 있습니다:
We met some people whose car had broken down.
What's the name of the place where you spent your vacation?
Amy, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood.
Mrs. Bond is going to spend a few weeks in Sweden, where her daughter lives.
2. 전치사와 관계사
1) 전치사 + whom/which
부가정보 절에서는 whom과 which 앞에 전치사를 사용할 수 있습니다(to whom / with whom / about which / for which 등):
Mr. Carter, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.
Fortunately, we had a map, without which we would have gotten lost.
2) All of / most of + whom/which
Mary has three brothers. All of them are married. (두 문장)
-> Mary has three brothers all of whom are married. (한 문장)
They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn't answer most of them. (두 문장)
-> They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer. (한 문장)
같은 방식으로 다음과 같이 말할 수 있습니다:
none of / neither of / either of
some of / many of / much of / (a) few of
both of / half of / each of / one of / two of
+ whom (people)
+ which (things)
Tom tried on three jackets, none of which fit him.
Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.
They have three cars, two of which they never use.
Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she went to school with.
3) Which
Jim passed his driving test. This surprised everybody. (두 문장)
Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody. (한 문장)
위 예문에서which는 그가 운전 시험에 합격한 사실을 말합니다. 이와 같은 문장에서는 반드시 which를 사용해야 합니다. what을 사용하면 안됩니다:
Sheila couldn't come to the party, which was a shame. (not ... what was a shame)
The weather was very good, which we hadn't expected. (not ... what we hadn't expected)