Armstrong, Jeanette. “Sharing One Skin: The Okanagan Community,” in Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith (eds), The Case Against the Global Economy. San Francisco, CA, Sierra Club Books, 1996. Pp 460-470.

There is lots of history behind sports, and it is indigenous history. Like for example who ran the first 4-minute mile? A native american Elison Brown Jr. or Who won gold in the last Olympics? Native American Billie Mills. The thing is history is filled with indigenous sports which have always been about more than sport but for survival. Natives have influenced the way many sports are played nowadays.

This ties into my topic by showing how different sporting events ended up not being just sporting events but historical occurrences that ended up being significant toward sports education. And a   majority of those events happen on all native teams. Which only motivated other natives at that time to try sports.

In the article, "Indians of North America: Conflict and Survival” summarizes the history of abuse and mistreatment the Native Americans endured throughout their known history. It begins by telling us the start of the abuse and how different countries saw the Natives. He gives an in-depth and truthful history that was never seen or shared before. While researching I learned about various groups like IMP.  It is an indigenous athletic camp located in Australia started by world marathon champion Rob de Castella.  Each year 12 Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander individuals between 18-30 are selected to train for the New York City Marathon. The program spans 6 months and includes a week-long camp where they meet other inspirational Indigenous athletes and train with them. The outcome aims to improve health, well-being, and leadership skills, and often participants become role models in their communities which leads the youth down the same road. Or another one like NABI, Arguably the most popular Indigenous sports organization NABI (Native American Basketball Invitational) is a very popular tournament held in Phoenix, Arizona. They annually bring over 1300 Native Student-athletes from all over the country to compete in 400+ games in 5 days. They have gained attention and sponsorships from big industry names such as Nike, Phoenix Suns and Mercury, and many tribes across the U.S which is very monumental towards indigenous sports and organizations. 

In the united states the rise of hate crimes is affecting the Indian country. From the years 2008-2018 there have been 52 reported instinces across the US of racial harrassment at Native American atheletes, coaches and fans. Which has only risen since. Instances of players being called "prairie niggers" and "dirty indians" have been prevelant. Barbara Perry director of center for Hate, Bias and Extremism at the University of Ontario claims that Native American mascots promote discrimination and stereotyping.  Another incident by a Crow Creek Sioux coach faced derogatory comments during a game. A more serious occurrence is Indian athletes face more racism in opportunites for hiring in sports industries. The National rate of bullying in the US is roughly 26% of the population yet the 22% Native Americans reported bullying  surpasses the 19% national average per ethnicity. 

Coach Storm who is the headcoach of womens basketball at Haskell was layed off with  a sweeping reduction to the federal workforce. Ordered by President trump and also overseen by DOGE and the Billionare Elon Musk. It also included roughly 30 Haskell employees the layoffs threw Haskell into chaos losing more than a quarter of its staff. Storm is a member of the Yakama Nation and his players who are all Native American women have had several challneges in their lives. Haskell is operated by the federal government and serves more than 900 students who represent 150 tribal nations. And its funding source is really an obligation by the US government when it signed treaties with Native American tribes. At the present time the treaty obligations are a basis for a lawsuit filed in federal court. Disrupting students atheltic and academic progress can really affect a persons career and wellbeing. As said by one the players in the article she says "the end of the season has been an emotional rollercoaster" and "Being a Native American women, its like we could never win" which shows the toll these layoffs are taking on the Indigenous students there.

This Article by Avantika Singh gives insight into how different sports mean alot more than just a sport to some people but its a lifestyle.  And how theres communities built behind those spots such as China and badminton, India and cricket, and Brazil and soccer. She expains the different issues and roadblocks these commnunities face and how they use sports as an outlet for mental and physical stress relief. I used this article  for my global connection slides and found it to be a perfect article to utilize because of the many worldwide examples it contained.

In this article by Eva Corlett and Ross Calman I learned about many traditions the Mǎori use both in and pre rugby game. I also leanred that rugby is a very popular sport in New Zealand. One of the popular traditions I learned about is the Haka which is a traditon that dates back many years thats still done today. But like many Indigenous communites its passed down Hakas are slowly being lost throughout the generations. But in this article I lear about how they are fighting the loss and teaching new generations the old Hakas and how they use those very same ones for their rubgy matches. It is very motivaitonal to see how communites are adadpting to the newer times while still teaching the tradtions passed down through generations.

This article by Victor Mather explains what event lead to Russia being stripped of their 2023 world championships and the latest sporting consequence of the country's invasion of Ukraine. Some examples stated in the article tell us about the differernt bans like The International Cycling Union which Russia is a consistent competitior in, The International Skating Union which covers speedskating as well as figure skating. Many of these ban suggestions came from the Olympic Committee who had recommended that atheletes from Russia and Belarus be barred from sporting events. Mather elaborates on how the athletes that are being banned from these events have no involvement in what their country is doing. And it isnt fair to the athletes who have spent their whole lives preparing for these events. And by the time these event come back around if the bans lifted these athletes will be older and out of their prime.