6.オール英国法、スプリット・ロー(Split law)、オール日本法からオール英国法
Split lawという言葉は、1994年閉鎖された旧濱田松本法律事務所のロンドン事務所を象徴する言葉でもある。旧Linklaters & Painesの大パートナー John Edwards が作った言葉だと思う。日本企業のユーロ・エクイティ債発行は、国内の規制と慣行による発行コスト高を避け、また発行体の実力に応じた Flexible な値決めが可能なことから、1980年前には超多忙になった。その引受および社債の準拠法は英国法であった。その発行のための Due Diligence = Documentation Meeting の常連は、ロンドンの引受主幹事側に、英国の旧 Linklaters & Paines と Slaughter & May、日本の発行体側に、旧ブレイクモア常松、旧濱田松本、旧青木クリスチャンセン、旧友常木村、旧三井安田であった。
あまりにもユーロ債の発行数が多いにもかかわらずこれを担当できる日本の弁護士の数は十人強に限られていたのが1980年頃の状況であった。英語と英米方式の証券実務ができるのは、未だ少なかった留学帰りの弁護士で証券に興味のある者に限られていたからである。しかも、Due Diligence = Documentation Meeting においては、日本の弁護士の役割は、通訳であることから始ったので、実に無駄が多かった。Meeting の前に日本の弁護士は、発行体の日本語の開示書類・社内書類を見て準備できるにもかかわらず、英国の法律事務所はそれができず、1-2週間の Meeting が必要であった。
戦前の外債は、社債の準拠法は日本法だが、支払等外国の手続については、Fiscal Agent に代表される支払国の制度を使い、引受関係は引受主幹事の属する国の法律という考え方であった。
忙しさに対応するため、旧濱田松本法律事務所が、1980年代初頭からあみ出した方法が、戦前の Split law の Split を逆転し、社債の準拠法は、英国法のままにしておき引受契約の準拠法を日本法とする方法であった。これは日系発行体のユーロ債におけるリード・マネジャー(幹事証券会社)が、欧米の証券会社から日本の証券会社のロンドン現地法人に移行していった歴史と軌を一にする。社債の準拠法を英国法のままにしておいたのは、当時、銀行保証や財務制限条項(Financial covenants)がつけられるのが一般的であったので、Trustee(受託者)が必要でありまたはあることが望ましく、日本の信託法の適用関係があいまいで使えなかったからである。
引受契約とは、発行会社が、ユーロ債発行のために作成する目論見書(Offering Circular, Prospectus, Placement Memorandum 等と英語ではよばれるが、国外発行募集であるから、日本の証券取引法の適用はなく証券取引法に定める目論見書ではない)の内容が正しいものであり、重要な事実をすべて述べており、誤解を招く表現がないことを、契約書により保証(warranty)し、引受業者が、契約書の定める条件に従い、社債を引受け募集することを約する契約である。
ユーロ債の発行事務手続の中心となる仕事は目論見書の作成であることから、引受契約の準拠法が英国または米国州法の場合その作成にあたっては英国または米国の弁護士が事務の中心となり、引受契約の準拠法が日本法の場合、その作成にあたって日本の弁護士が事務の中心となるのが、クロス・ボーダー証券引受のグローバル・スタンダードである。
この方式は、日本語の会社資料を使い日本語のみで議論ができるし、Due Diligence = Documentation Meeting の期間が3日位ですむことから、1990年頃には、約半数に近づく程普及した。
しかし、その頃においては、発行体の代表者が欧州でのロードショーを兼ねて訪欧し、ロンドンにおける調印式に出席することが重要視されていたのと、社債の準拠法は、英国法であったので、ロンドンでの作業である Signing と Closing の手続は、社債関係の Documentation を担当する英国の法律事務所に担当してもらうと好都合であった。このような局面で、前述の Split law issue とのニックネームをつけて、共同作業を行いましょうという柔軟な態度をとったのは旧 Linklaters & Paines(現在のLinklaters)であり、Slaughter & May はそれを拒否した。Slaughter & May は、その後日本事務所を閉鎖するに至っている。
Split law 方式は、作業がだぶる無駄があり、Fiscal Agent 方式が採用できる優良発行体については、その後、社債の準拠法にも日本法が用いられるようになった。旧濱田松本法律事務所が、1987年にロンドン事務所を設置したのは、オール日本法の場合には Signing から Closing まですべての手続を現地で取り扱うことが必要であり、英国の法律事務所に頼むわけにはいかなかったのが一つの理由である。(以上の点の詳細は、後述7.参照)
ロンドン事務所は、バブル崩壊により日本企業の Euro equity 債が壊滅状態になったことが直接的原因であったが、それにとどめをさしたのが、1993年の商法改正に伴い法務省が公表した「社債の管理会社(Commissioned Company)のユーロ債における強制設置」という解釈であり、1994年に閉鎖された。
最後に、Linklaters 日本事務所のその後と現在は、日本語のできる外国法弁護士またはパラリーガルを雇用し、日本の法律事務所並の効率でユーロ債発行事務を行える態勢を整えている。2005年4月から、日本の弁護士事務の対外全面開放のしめくくりとして、外国事務所による日本の弁護士の雇用と日本の弁護士とのパートナーシップの結成が認められると、旧三井安田事務所の安田グループとパートナーシップを組み、万全の態勢を整え、日本企業のユーロ・エクイティ債の引受側法律業務においては、オール英国法により、ほぼ完全な独占的地位を占めるに至っている。
まさに度量が広い反面、現地に融合することにより仕事を伸ばしていくさすがに英国の歴史と伝統を身につけた事務所であり、競争相手ながら敬意を払っている。
しかし、上述のとおり、現在の法務省の立場の結果、日本の法律事務所がユーロ債の分野で Linklaters 等と対等な自由競争をできなくしていることは残念である。
以上の説明を図示すると次のようになる。
引受準拠法: 英国法 日本法
社債準拠法:
英国法 戦後-現在 1980年代初頭-バブル崩壊(1991)(半分近い数)
日本法 戦前 1980年後半-1993年商法改正 (少数例)
Made in Japanの日本企業ユーロ債の製造が、日本ではなく(日本法準拠ではなく)、英国の弁護士に依頼して(英国法準拠で)行われる(OEM生産されている)実務は、先進国中日本だけであり、ぜひとも会社法改正により解決しなければならなかった重要なポイントであった。(後述8.および9.参照)
6. From Only U.K. Law to Split Law to Only Japanese Law and Only U.K. Law
Split law is the term used to refer to the operations of the London office of the former Hamada-Matsumoto Law Firm, which was closed down in 1994. The term was coined by John Edwards, an influential partner with the former Linklaters & Paines. Issuance of Euro equity-linked bonds by Japanese companies became very popular prior to 1980, as firms sought to avoid the high cost of issue resulting from domestic regulations and practices and also favored flexible pricing in accordance with their corporate strength and creditworthiness. These bonds and their underwriting were governed by British law. Regular members at due diligence and documentation meetings for Japanese equity-linked bonds were the former firms Linklaters & Paines and Slaughter & May of Britain, who were lead underwriting managers, and such former law firms as Blakemore-Tsunematsu, Hamada-Matsumoto, Aoki-Christiansen, Tomotsune-Kimura and Mitsui-Yasuda, on the Japanese issuers’ side.
Around 1980, there were only a little over 10 Japanese lawyers who were capable of dealing with Eurobonds, despite the fact that they were being issued in overwhelming numbers. Engagement in practice relating to Eurobonds was limited to those lawyers who were well versed in English and British and U.S. securities-related legal practices, having studied overseas (a limited number at that time), and who were interested in securities-related business. Moreover, too much time and energy was being wasted as the role of Japanese lawyers at due diligence documentation meetings was initially to act as interpreters. While Japanese lawyers were able to make preparations before those meetings by reading disclosure documents and internal documents written in Japanese, British law firms could not do the same and required one to two weeks of meetings.
Pre-war external bonds were governed by Japanese laws but payment and other procedures in foreign countries were conducted in accordance with systems in place in the countries of payment, as represented by fiscal agents. Underwriting operations followed the laws of the countries of the lead underwriting mangers.
In order to cope with the sharp rise in Eurobond issuance in the early 1980s, the former Hamada-Matsumoto law firm came up with the idea of a reversal of the split in the pre-war split law method. Under this method, bonds were governed by British laws, as before, but underwriting contracts were governed by Japanese laws. This coincided with a shift by Japanese issuers from U.S. and European securities firms to London-based subsidiaries of Japanese securities companies as lead managers for Eurobonds. Bonds were left governed by British laws as bank guarantees and financial covenants were commonly required at the time; this made the designation of trustees necessary or desirable but the Japanese Trust Law could not be used due to its ambiguous applicability.
An underwriting contract is a contract designed to warrant that the contents of a prospectus (it is often called an offering circular, a prospectus or a placement memorandum, but is not covered by the Securities and Exchange Law of Japan and as such is not a prospectus as provided for by the Securities and Exchange Law) prepared by an issuing company for the issuance of a Eurobond are correct, that it states all material facts, and that it does not contain any misleading expressions. An underwriter pledges to underwrite and solicit subscriptions for the corporate bond in accordance with terms and conditions provided for by the contract.
Because the preparation of a prospectus is central to Eurobond issuance procedures, the global standard for cross-border securities calls for the preparatory work to be led by British or U.S. lawyers when an underwriting contract is governed by British or U.S. state laws and to be led by Japanese lawyers when an underwriting contract is governed by Japanese laws.
This formula was used for nearly half of Eurobond issues in the 1990s because it allowed Japanese-only discussions based on company documents written in Japanese and shortened the duration of due diligence and documentation meetings to about three days.
However, at that time, it was deemed important for representatives of issuing companies to visit Europe as part of a “road show” and attend signing ceremonies. Bonds were governed by British law. Thus, it was convenient to ask British law firms engaged in bond-related documentation work to be responsible for signing and closing procedures. At this juncture, the former Linklaters & Paines (currently known as Linklaters) adopted a flexible approach to this collaborative work, coining the term “split law issue,” while Slaughter & May rejected a collaborative approach. Slaughter & May subsequently had to shut down its office in Japan.
Because the split law approach entailed the overlapping of some work and was wasteful in that sense, Japanese laws were subsequently adopted as the governing laws of bonds by issuers of good standing that could resort to the fiscal agent method. The former Hamada-Matsumoto law firm established a London office in 1987 partly because all procedures from signing to closing had to be conducted in London and the help of British law firms could not be enlisted as the entire process was governed by Japanese law (for details, see Section 7).
The London office was shut down in 1994 because of the collapse of Japanese firms’ Euro equity-linked bonds with the collapse of the bubble economy. But the final blow came when the Ministry of Justice announced the “mandatory designation of a commissioned company for a Euroyen bond” in the wake of the revision of the Commercial Code in 1993.
The office of Linklaters in Japan subsequently hired foreign lawyers and paralegals who could speak Japanese, and is now well positioned to handle Euroyen bond issuance work with an efficiency matching that of Japanese law firms. In April 2005, when foreign law firms were allowed to employ Japanese lawyers and form partnerships with Japanese law firms in the last step toward the full opening of Japan’s legal service market, Linklaters formed a partnership with the Yasuda group of the former Mitsui-Yasuda law firm and now commands a near-monopoly on legal practice related to the underwriting of Euro equity-linked bonds governed by British law issued by Japanese companies.
While magnanimous, Linklaters, backed with British history and tradition, is a law firm able to expand its business by assimilating itself in local markets. Though it is a formidable competitor, this author offers the firm due respect.
As indicated above, however, it is unfortunate that the present stance of the Ministry of Justice is preventing Japanese law firms from engaging in fair and free competition with Linklaters and other foreign firms in the Eurobond market.
The discussion above may be schematized as follows:
Underwriting government law: British law Japanese law
Bond governing law:
British law Post-war-Present The early 1980s-Collapse of the bubble (1991) (Almost half of issuance)
Japanese law Pre-war The latter half of the 1980s-1993 revision of the Commercial Code (A few cases)
The “manufacture” of “Made-in-Japan” Eurobonds by Japanese companies is being conducted (on an OEM basis) with the assistance of British lawyers (i.e., is governed by British law) rather than in Japan (governed by Japanese law). Japan is the only industrialized nation in this type of situation. This is an important point that should have been settled in the revision of the Corporate Law. (See subsequent Sections 8 and 9)