Amanita muscaria
(cc) BY-NC Dave GenneyTFTaDMSSoCAR ?A. argentea. This a similar fungus to A. vaginata var. alba but stouter. With Salix repens Sutherland (Bettyhill, Sutherland, 15 ix 1973 found again 23 vii 2006). This has been named A. scotica Watl. nom. prov. Because of small differences, especially in habitat preferences.
TFTaDSSoCAR A. battarrae As A. umbrinolutea, comparitively recently recognized species and may in the past been confused with other members of Sect. Vaginatae. At present of restricted distribution in Scotland. Collections from Sutherland (Tongue, 18 ix 1972) and Tay (Standing Stones, BallantiSim, 30 viii 1968; Kinnoul Hill Perth, 7 ix 1986; Blackcraig Wd., nr. Blairgpwrie, 17 viii 1973 and Kindrogan, 4 ix 1980). Single collection agreeing in part with this taxon fide C.Bas, Leiden from Forth (Carlops, 8 xi 1976 ).
TFTaDMSSoC A. ceciliae Snakeskin Grisette In woods, generally associated with Betula, Quercus and Fagus.;also indicated to be with Larix elsewhere in BI. Widespread but not at all common and apparently lacking from northern areas. Records from Tweed (Paxton Hse., Berwickshire, 7 viii 2002) and Forth (Carberry Tower, 24 ix 2000. Also known in the literature as A. inauraata and recorded as such from Clyde (Chatelherault), Tay (Ballantium, under Betula, 30 viii 1968) and Forth (Cowdenbeath, 3 xi 1974, Edinbbrgh, with Betula 17 viii 1988) and also in addition to A. ceciliae from Forth. Known from Rhum in Inner Hebrides but recorded neither from Shetland nor Orkney. Recorded from Tay and Clyde in Stevenson under the synonym A. strangulata.
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. crocea Orange Grisette In woods with Betula; not uncommon northwards in BI and although a Scottish feature its distribution is apparently scattered. Recorded from Tweed (Dawyck), Forth (Roy. Bot. Gdn., Edinb., 10 vii 1981 & Auchmuir Wood, Fife, 29 vii 1978), Tay (Straloch near Kindrogan, 22 viii 1970 thru’ 21 viii 1975 and Ballantium, 30 viii 1968 & 28 viii 1976; Kindrogan, 27 viii 1976 & 2 ix 1980; Glen Tilt, 16 vii 1975 & 8 ix 1989 and Auchterarder, 5 ix 1961), Dee ( Birks Wood, Aberdeen, 25 viii 1962 ); Moray (Tomich, 27 vi 1970) and Clyde (Rossdhu Abbey, 11 ix 1959). Not known from Hebridean and Northern Islands. Surprisingly not in Stevenson although not an uncommon agaric of northern birchwoods; probably confused in the past with A. fulva. An early summer form with pale cap has been recognised as var. straminea – Tay (Glen Tilt 29 vii 1978). A flavescens differs in its straw yellow cap. q.v.
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. flavescens In woods with Betula; apparently rare. Known from Tay ( Straloch near Kindrogan, 16 viii 1973 & 28 viii 1980; Den of Airlie, Alyth 2 ix 1981 & 3 ix 1982), also from Dee (Braemar, 18 viii 1964). Some authorities think that A. vaginata var. flavescens is a synonym of A. crocea var. subnudipes and early records in the literature of A. adnata refer here but generally the latter species is considered a synonynm of A.gemmata.
TFTaDMCR A. fulva Tawny Grisette In woods and copses, often with Betula, although often in mixed plantings of Betula and Quercus and with Betula and Pinus. Probably the most common and widespread of Sect. Vaginatae in Scotland. Known from Tweed (Dawyck), Forth (Thruipmuir, Balerno), Tay (Kindrogan, Loch of the Lowes, 21 viii 1978; Glen Tilt, with Betula 10 ix 1989 & Tentsmuir, 4 viii 1973; Newport, vii 1993), Dee (Linn of Dee, 24 viii 1995; Braemar, with Betula, 10 viii 1964), Ross (Apllecross, Dennis, 1948), Clyde (Incailloch, Loch Lomond, 6 x 1973 & Knapdale, 13 viii 1975). and Moray (Loch an Eilean, Craigellachie, Abernethy, Insh Marshes, 20-23 viii 2005). Also known from both Shetland (with Salix herbacea, Sandness Hill) and Orkney (with Betula, Berriedale, Hoy) and known from Colonsay, Arran, Islay, Jura, Mull, Rhum & Skye. A variety with pink coloured gills, var. roseilamellata, is recorded with under Betula from Tay (Glen Tilt, 10 ix 1989). Recorded as ‘common’ by Stevenson as a variety of A. vaginata but without localities. [photo].
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. lividopallescens Collections agreeing with this taxon have been found in Forth (Selmuir) with Pinus and Tay (Ballantium) with Betula. However, these records must be reassessed after confusion with A. submembranacea q.v.
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. nivalis Mountain Grisette In montane communities, associated with Salix herbacea. Widespead and not uncommon in the right habitats; always recorded from heights above 850m. Records from 1963 onwards include Tay ( Glhas Maol, 5 ix 97; Beinn Ghlas, 7 viii 1971 & 29 viii 1981 & Ben Lawers, viii 1968 & 29 viii 1981 and associated heights Meall nan Tarmachan at 975m. 5 ix 1976, 12 ix 1981 & 23 ix 2003; Meall Gharodie at 870 - 902m., 2 & 18 ix 2002), Dee (Cairnwell, 22 viii 1978; Ben Macdhui, at 915m., ix 1955 & 31 viii 1983 & Lochnagar at 1095m., 4 ix 1976), Moray (Cairngorm plateau, 21 viii 2005; Creagg Megaidh at 1010-1025m., 4 ix 2003, Sodhail & Mam Seoul, 23 viii 1955 & 28 viii 1963; Coire Garbhlach 28 viii 2003 & Coire Odhar 3 viii 1983, both Cairngorm), Argylle (Ben Achalader, east of Loch Tulla, at 915m., 6 ix 1970) and Ross (Kishorn, Bleinn Bhan, at 730m 11 x 1969; Applecross, & Fannich Forest; A’Chailleach, 15 ix 1970). Originally described from Cairngorms by Greville; neotype from Cairnwell in E. All localities listed in Watling (19xx). [Photos]
Many continental authorities erroneously have considered this purely a white form of A. vaginata as did Stevenson who in part discussed it as var. albida but recorded it also from low altitudes at Glamis - Tay; see A. vaginata..
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. pachyvolvata In deciduous woodland. Single recent record from Tweed (Mellerstain House, Berwickshire date). Material in K.
TFTaDMSSoCAR A spadicea Recently found in Tay (Butterstone Wd., 2003)
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. submembranacea In woods associated with Pinus but also Fagus and Quercus in other parts of BI; rare although some records of A. vaginata may belong here. Recorded from Arran, Forth (Pentcaitland, 22 x 2006; Selmuir, 17 x 1965), Tay (Killiecrankie, 26 viii 1980 & Kindrogan, 7-10 ix 1984) and Moray (Glenmore Lodge, under Pinus sylvestris, 20 viii 2005m., Glen Affric, 27 ix 1985 & Abernethy, 25 ix 1982 & 3 ix 1988). Only recorded from Skye in Scottish island communities. Records of A. lividopallescens from Tay (Standing Stones, Ballantuim, 20 viii 1973) may belong here. The latter differs in its white volva and is said to prefer calcareous soils. A specimen labelled A. membranacea Bon from Moray (Abernethy, 25 ix 1982 ) probably is a spelling error for ‘submembranacea.’ These records are said to represent A. battarae.
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. vaginata Grisette In woods and copses, associated with Betula, Fagus, Quercus and Pinus; less frequent than A. fulva which was previously considered purely a brown-capped variety. Known from Forth, Ross (Toscaig Dennis, 1948), Tweed (Dawyck, 22 ix 1992), Tay (Glen Tilt, with Betula, 8 -10 ix 1989; Dalreaich, Enochdu, with Betula, 6 ix 1984; Standing Stones, Straloch, Kindrogan, 21 ix 1979) and Moray (Granton on Spey with Pinus sylvestris, 26 viii 2005; Culbin Sands, under Pinus sylvestris, 24 viii 2005). Alsop records from North Hoy with Betula pubescens but not from Shetland, and from Colonsay, Islay, Arran, Jura, Mull and Skye. Klotzsch material housed in E labelled ‘In the Highlands August 1830’in addition to an old collection from Forth (Mortonhall x 1869). Although apparently widespread not recorded for some areas of Scotland.
Var. albida (or alba) is a white form unrelated to A. nivalis and is recorded from Tay (Glamis - Stevenson) and Forth; Rinaldi & Tyndalo ( ) recognize several colour forms.
Var. grisea, a shining grey-capped, known from Tay (Standing Stones, Ballantuim, 21 ix 1979),
Var. plumbea, a uniformly dull lead grey-capped form known from Tweed (Dawyck , 22 ix 1992) and Var. violacea, a violaceous capped form known from Dee (Braemar, 7 ix 1982).
Recorded by Stevenson from all Watersheds except Sutherland, but records probably include var. fulva. c.v.
A. friabilis Fragile Grisette A rare Scottish fungus with a single record. It favours damp soil under Alnus glutinosa. Apparently material in K. - To check details.
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. gemmata Jewelled Grisette A rare Scottish fungus with a single record from Tay (Tentsmuir, 10 x 1971).
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. muscaria Fly Agaric In woods, copses and formal plantings; widespread. Grows associated with a range of broad-leaved trees, especially Betula ( sometimes even exotics such as B. papyrifera, 1 x 1967, B. jacquemontii & B. ulmifolia, 6 ix 1977 - Forth (RBGdn., Edinb.) and conifers including those in the Pinoideae and Abietoideae. Often with introduced trees. Sometimes with Creeping willow - Salix repens Tay (Straloch, near Kindrogan, 6 x 1975). Recorded from Solway (Glen Cairn, 1 x 2000), Tweed (good fruitings often with exotics at Dawyck), Forth ( Waters of Leith, Edinburgh ix 1990; Roy. Bot. Gdn., with Pinus sylvestris, 9 x 1981; Silverburn, 23 ix 1989 & Fife), Tay (Glen Tilt; localities around Kindrogan; Loch of the Lowes, 21 viii 1978; Tentsmuir, under Fagus, 10 x1971), Ross (Loch Torridon, Dennis 1948), Argylle (Dorlin, Dennis 1951), Dee (Clochnaben with Pinus, 24 x 1987), Moray (incl. Kincraig, Abernethy, Loch an Eilean, Upper Tullochgrue, Curr Wd., Glenmore Forest Pk., & Craigellachie, 19-26 viii 2005)), Sutherland (Tongue, Dennis, 1955; Borgie Forest good frutiings) and Clyde (incl. Younger Bot Gdn., nr. Dunoon under Pseudotsuga, 29 ix 1971). Not in Shetland or Orkneys but recorded from Arran, Lewis in Outer Hebrides and Colonsay, Islay, Mull, Raasay, Rhum & Skye in Inner Hebrides. Klotzsch material housed in E labelled ‘Highlands August 1830’ along with two other old collections from Forth (Bonaly, x 1878 & Mortonhall, viii 1844 both nr. Edinb.). [photos]
The colour of the cap in this taxon is quite variable and this has led to several varietal names being recognized. A bright yellow form (var. lutea) has been found in Tay (Glen Tilt, under Fagus, 8 ix 1989). Var. aureola recorded from Moray (Elgin, 1912) and recent records from Forth. The var. formosa refers to specimens with a yellow stipe and ring; these are not infrequent although less common than var. muscaria.
Recorded in Stevenson from all Watersheds except Sutherland. This fungus was included in the Scottish Host and Distribution scheme by SNH & SWLT; see Fleming xxxx.
Edinburgh & Lothians Police enquiry received from Forth concerning primordia confiscated from miscreant.
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. pantherina Panthercap In woods; grows with Betula but also known from Salix repens with or without mix of Betula.. Now known from Tay (Straloch, Kindrogan, with Salix repens, 25 ix 1967 to 2 viii 1978, Standing Stones, Ballantuim 25 ix 1979 - small exannulate form fide C. Bas, Leiden; Glen Tilt, with Betula 10 ix 1989), Dee (incl. Morone Wd., Braemar, with Betula & S. repens, 7 ix 1984), Clyde (Falls of Clyde). With Helianthemum Tweed (Linn Dean, Soutra, vii 2007). Not recorded for either Hebridean or Northern Islands. Recorded in Stevenson from Forth, Tay and Clyde.
Involved in a Lothians & Borders police enquiry 1978.
TFTaMSoCAR A. phalloides Deathcap In woods; not common and possibly with a southern and eastern distribution in Scotland. Grows with Quercus in oak/birch mixes, although known from mixtures with Betula and Fagus. Recent reporting from Forth (Roslin Glen, Midlothian; Gosforth, ix 2001and Loanhead, East Lothian), Tay (incl. Birks of Aberfeldy, ix 2008; Den of Airlie, Alyth, 3 ix 91 & 12 ix 1991; Dunkeld 15 x 95) and Clyde (incl. Inchcailloch, Loch Lomond, 6 x 1973). In Stevenson from Tweed, Forth, Tay, Moray, Solway and Clyde. Not in Hebridean and Northen Islands; surprisingly absent from the oak woods of Mull etc.; see A. verna below. [photos]
TFTaDMSSoCAR ?A. verna In woods, rare; presence in Scotland needs to be confirmed. Recorded from Tay (incl. Kindrogan in dcd. wood, 14 viii 1966). Known from only Tay and Clyde in Stevenson. Need to check material as this species is often confused with white forms of A. phalloides and the more widespread A. virosa (e.g. A. verna sensu Carleton Rea = A. virosa).
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. virosa Destroying Angel In woods usually associated with Betula especially in the Highlands but known from Fagus and Quercus; quite common and widespread northwards. Known from Ross (Applecross Dennis, 1948), Tay (Kindrogan), Dee (Glen Tannar, 22 ix 1962, Braemar 18 viii 1964, Crathes Castle, 16 viii 1964, Aberdeen 18 viii 1963), Moray (Aviemore) and Clyde (Torrinch, Loch Lomond, 6 x 1973). Not recorded from Shetland and Orkneys but known from both Ulva and from Mull in the Inner Hebrides. Surprisingly not in Stevenson although in Add. 1 recorded from Moray and Clyde. [photos]
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. citrina False Deathcap In woods; widespread and fairly common. Grows with Quercus & Fagus, less frequently with Betula. Known from Tweed (Dawyck), Forth (Edinburgh 3 ix 1988), Tay (Struan with Betula, 6 ix1982), Moray (Abernethy, with Pinus sylvestris, 25 viii 2005; Granton on Spey, under Quercus, 26 viii 2005; also incl. Rothiemurchus, near Glenmore, 27 x 1995) and Clyde (incl. Loch Lomond x 1973; x 1979; 23 ix 1982). Neither in Shetland nor Orkneys; in Outer Hebrides on Mull & Colonsay.
Var. alba with Fagus is often found in wind-breaks. Differs from type variety in the pure white cap, stem and gills. Recorded from Moray (Aigas, 4 ix 1988) and regularly appears in Forth (Bavelaw) and Tweed (Dawyck). In Stevenson recorded as A. mappa and surprisingly only recorded from Inverary (Argylle) therein; in Add 1 noted from Moray and in Add 8. for Tay and Solway also as Ag. (Amanita) mappa.
FTTaDMSSoCAR A. porphyria Grey veiled Amanita In woods with Betula and Pinus or mixes thereof; probably more frequent northwards. Known from Forth (incl. Doune Ponds, 15 ix 1991 & Saltoun Big Wood, East Lothian. 1 x 1977), Tay (from Struan 2 ix 1982 to Blackcraig Wd., nr. Blargowrie, with Picea, 23 vii 1995; Struan, with Betula, 6 ix 1982; Balnaguard, 22 ix 1979), Moray (Craigellachie, with Betula, 21 viii 2005; Granton on Spey, with Betula & Pinus, 26 viii 2005) and Clyde (L. Nethan). Not known from Inner, Outer or Northern Islands. Not in Stevenson.
FTTaDMSSoCAR A. francheti In woods; rare. Records depend on Stevenson from Tay and Ross under the supposed synonym A. asper. Recorded under the supposed synonym A .vernicosus in the 18th century from Orkney but this is thought to be erroneous although said to occur repeatedly in the vicinity of Stromness. A search at Stromness has not really revealed any likely sites.
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. rubescens Blusher In woods, copses and formal plantings; very common and widespread; often appearing after early summer rains. Associated with Betula, Quercus, Fagus, and Pinus; in Canna with Salix repens and noted by Dennis ( )with Fraxinus. Some times with introduced trees. In Ross (Torridon Dennis, 1948), Tweed (good frutiings at Dawyck with Fagus, 29 ix 2002), Solway (Glen Cairn, 1 x 2000), Forth (Selmmuir under Fagus, 3 viii 1968; Crichton Castle Pathhead, ix 1975; Blinkbonny with Betula, 12 vii 1991 & 25 vii 1994; Duddingston, 9 ix 1989 both Edinburgh), Moray (Abernethy, Insh Marshes, Curr Wd., Culbin Sands, Granton 0n Spey, Loch an Eilean 22-26 viii 2005), Sutherland (Tongue, Dennis, 1955), Argylle (Dorlin Dennis, 1951;. Loch Gilphead 18 viii 1994), Tay (include. Kindrogan, Blackcraig Wd., nr. Blairgowrie, 23 viii 1995; Cameron Reservoir, Fife, 1 vi 1957), Dee, Clyde (incl. Younger Bot. Gdn., with Pseudotsuga & with Picea abies, 28 ix 1971 Knapdale, 12 & 13 viii 1975); also Wester Gatehouse, viii 1977. Records from Arran, Jura, Mull, Skye, Canna, Rhum, Mull, Colonsay and Islay. Klotzsch material in E and labelled ‘ In silvis frequent July - September 1830’ and old collections dated ix 1879 from Mortonhall Wood and one from Swanston, viii 1879, both Forth. In Stevenson from all Watersheds except Sutherland and Solway. In Add. 8 record from Solway.
Suspected as having been eaten raw by young child in Forth (Colinton, Edinburgh with no long lasting effects, ix 2000).
Var. annulosulphurea is less widespread than type variety and recognized by the yellow ring and the rather more slender habit. Known from Dee (Aberdeen 1 x 1962), Moray (Loch an Eilean, Larig Ghr5u, Glenmore Forest Pk, Abernethy, 20-23 viii 2005) and Tay (Blackcraig, 23 viii 1995).
A. magnificus with description is used by Stevenson for a collection from Warren Wd.,Glamis – Tay but this epithet refers to simply a large form of this species.
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. excelsa Grey Spotted Amanita In woods, parks and planted policies; very common & widespread. Associated with Betula, Pinus and especially Fagus & Quercus; generally records of this species are under A. excelsa, as the following Sutherland (Loch Assynt, Balfour-Browne, 1951), Tweed (Innerleithen, under Fagus, 2 vii 1995; frequent at Dawyck, 10 vii 1997 & under Fagus, 29 ix 2002), Forth (Selmmuir, under Pinus close to Fagus hedge, 3 viii 1968; Balerno, under Fagus 11 viii 1968; Heriot Watt campus, 25 viii 1990 both Edinburgh), Tay (Kirkmichael with Betula, 2 ix 1980; Killiecrankie, 20 viii 1978;especially around Kindrogan, in mixed wood 17 viii 1972), Dee (Dinnett 15 viii 1968; The Burn 14 viii 1964) and Clyde (several records incl. Falls of Clyde, Chatelherault). Recorded only from Mull in the Northern and Hebridean islands in mixed wood Abbey St Brathan check loc.
Records of A. excelsa, under which Stevenson recorded it from Tweed, Tay, Dee, Moray and Clyde are included herein following tradition, although there is much variation in A. spissa and several autonomous species may be recognised in the future.
Var. spissa
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. nauseosa. Undoubtedly introduced. Known only from Forth (formal plantings of Zingiberaceae, public greenhouses, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, iv 1979 - vi 1979 and 7 ix 1980). Although described from RBG Kew - again found in formal plantings in the glasshouses - it probably originated from Australia.
TFTaDMSSoCAR A. strobiliformis Warted Amanita In woods; rare, probably of southern distribution in the BI although one site, Morayshire, an area noted for its warmer climate than many areas in Scotland. Known only from early records from Tay and Moray in Stevenson. No sightings since that period.
TFTaDMSSoCAR L. delicata As var. vinosorufescens. Known from Tay (Birks of Aberfeldy, ix 2008).
TFTaDMSSoCAR L. glioderma In thickets; rare. Only known from two early records in Stevenson for Tay, viz. Glamis and Ballanluig.
TFTaDMSSoCAR L. guttata Record as Ag. (Amanita) lenticularis from Tweed in Stevesnon Add. 4. Recent records from Forth (Blackford Hill, 22 x 2006; below Fagus Corstorphine Hill, 22 x 2007, D. Adamson).
TFTaDMSSoCAR Tricholomposis decora Prunes and Custard Fairly widespread on conifer stumps and logs and when occurring on conifer sawdust producing great clusters often of large basidiomes; possibly with a more northerly distribution. Known from Clyde (Chatelherault, Cleghorn and Falls of Clyde),Tay (Dall sawmill, Rannoch 8 x 1965 & saw dust heap Blackcraig near Kindrogan, 20 viii 1967 thru’ 20 viii 1972 ), Moray (Aviemore ix 1938; Abernethy, Glenmore Forest Pk., Granton on Spey, Curr Wd. 20-26 viii 2005) and from Mull. DNA studies indicate that this species is not related to T. rutilans, the type of the genus Tricholomopsis, but strangely is closer to Amanita. [photos]