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Introduction
Introduction
Adhesives are essential in various industries, but most are petroleum-based, posing environmental and health risks due to non-renewability, lack of biodegrability and VOC emissions (Pizzi & Mittal, 2018). This calls for sustainable alternatives.
Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus), grown in India, the Philippines and Brazil, produces a natural sticky sap traditionally used as an adhesive (Orwa at al., 2009). As a renewable resource, it presents a promising eco-friendly option.
With increasing interest in bio-based adhesive (Rona et al., 2020), this study examins jackfruit sap's strength, durability and composition. Findings could support greener materials and reduce reliance on synthetic adhesives.
Statement of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
The increasing demand for environmentally friendly and sustainable materials has driven researchers to explore alternatives to conventional synthetic adhesives, which often contain toxic chemicals and are derived from non-renewable resources. Artocarpus Heterophyllus sap, known for its. sticky and adhesive properties, presents a promising natural solution to address these concerns. Despite it's potential, limited studies have been conducted to evaluate its efficiency and practicality as an alternative adhesive to synthetic glue. This research seeks to investigate the adhesive properties of jackfruit sap, it's performance compared to synthetic adhesives and its potential applications in various industries.
This research seeks to address the following questions:
1. How successful is Jackfruit Sap-Based adhesive compared to commercial glue in terms of;
1.1 Adhesion Rate and;
1.2 Adhesion Strength
2. What is the distinction between the characteristics of traditional glue/standard adhesive and bio-based glue made from the sap of Jackfruit?
2.1 Stickiness
2.2 Color
2.3 Odor
2.4 Texture and;
2.5 Density
3. How long will it take for the bio-based glue to dry?
4. How does the performance of jackfruit sap as an adhesive vary under conditions, such as;
4.1 Temperature
4.2 Humidity and;
4.3 Material Type
Methodology
Methodology
This study employed an experimental mixed-method research design to assess the effectiveness of jackfruit sap-based biodegradable adhesive as an eco-friendly alternative to commercial glue. Data collection involved both surveys and experiments to ensure a thorough evaluation. The adhesive was tested on seven different surfaces—bond paper, yellow pad, A4 paper, Oslo paper, crafting paper, illustration board, and cardboard. Two key properties were examined:
Drying Time – Measured using a stopwatch to determine how long the adhesive took to set.
Adhesion Strength – Assessed through peeling and shearing tests, where the strength was determined by whether the glued surfaces tore upon separation.
Additionally, a survey of 26 respondents gathered qualitative feedback on usability, effectiveness, and potential for practical application.
To compare the performance of jackfruit sap-based adhesive with commercial glue, a T-test was conducted on drying time and adhesion strength. Results indicated that while both adhesives exhibited similar bond strength, the commercial glue dried faster (2-3 minutes) compared to 4-6 minutes for the biodegradable adhesive. This study highlights the potential of jackfruit sap as a sustainable adhesive, with further research needed to improve its drying efficiency.
Results and Discussion
Results and Discussion
The study explored the potential of jackfruit sap-based biodegradable adhesive as an eco-friendly alternative to commercial glue. The adhesive was tested on seven different surfaces: bond paper, yellow pad, A4 paper, Oslo paper, crafting paper, illustration board, and cardboard. Drying time and adhesion strength were the key parameters measured, with comparisons made against a commercially available adhesive. The drying time of the jackfruit sap-based adhesive ranged from 4-6 minutes, whereas the commercial glue dried within 2-3 minutes.
Adhesion strength was evaluated using peeling and shearing tests, revealing that both adhesives exhibited similar bonding capabilities. In most cases, the glued paper tore upon separation, indicating strong adhesion. Although the commercial glue had a faster drying time, the biodegradable adhesive demonstrated competitive bonding strength, proving its potential viability for practical applications.
A survey conducted among 26 respondents provided additional insights into the acceptability of the biodegradable adhesive. While many were unaware of eco-friendly glue alternatives, the majority expressed interest in using the jackfruit sap-based adhesive for its environmental benefits. However, some concerns were raised regarding its longer drying time, suggesting the need for improvements in its formulation.
The findings indicate that jackfruit sap-based adhesive is a promising substitute for commercial glue, particularly for users prioritizing sustainability. Although its drying time is slightly longer, its comparable adhesion strength makes it a viable option. Future research could focus on enhancing its drying speed and optimizing its composition for broader applications. By refining its formulation, this adhesive could contribute to reducing reliance on synthetic adhesives, promoting a more sustainable approach to adhesive production.
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