The HE corpus contains 1,176 occurrences of the concept testimony.
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Refresh the website if the graphics are not shownTestimony occurs mostly in documents published in Europe, followed by MENA, North America, Africa and Asia with comparatively smaller contributions. Overall, the top five contributors in terms of occurrences are NGO, NGO_Fed, IGO, Net and RC organisations.
NGO, NGO_Fed, IGO, Net and RC documents provide the greatest number of occurrences, primarily from activity reports published in Europe.
is (a)
component of humanitarian activities
humanitarian obligation
form of information
evidence
document
is gathered by organisations
is given by
victims
survivors
witnesses
has legal classifications
sworn, unsworn
is conveyed with media
video
written
live
is presented
to overseeing bodies (court, senate)
to the public
as part of activity reports
by humanitarians
by affected populations
has variable content
in-depth, general
has a value / effect
moving, powerful
relates to an event
first-hand
on-the-ground
can include or be any entity
events
objects
sentiments
individuals
has purposes / results, for
advocacy, self-advocacy
healing
collective history, accountability
proof of identity
impact reporting
understanding populations
engagement
may be untrue
may be ignored or invalidated by unscrupulous officials
may be relied upon too heavily in court
may delay case presentation
requires training to collect
may be difficult to collect
may benefit from innovative methodologies, such as 'active memory'
should be publicised
No explicit definitions exist for testimony and there are few implicit contexts. The contexts below show testimony as it is related to humanitarian organisations - both how it is treated as a resource and its role in judicial and other activities.
We are working to finalize the "testimony" component of our activities, which will enable us to provide a more comprehensive humanitarian response, combining aid and advocacy.
Testimony is one of our humanitarian obligations.
The evidence included testimony of 107 witnesses - more than half of them police officers.
Copies of testimony and other key documents are available at www.iaem.com/committees/governmentaffairs.
Its user-friendly interface and interactive map continue to integrate B'Tselem's video footage from the field with B'Tselem's more traditional forms of information (statistics, maps, testimonies , etc.).
When seen as a kind of evidence, testimony is most often categorised by the actor giving testimony (victim, witness) or the medium (oral, written, video). Types also specify characteristics that may have a legal, symbolic, or otherwise descriptive basis (sworn, powerful, in-depth).
Implicit contexts show that testimony, while generally a recorded or observed act of communicating lived events, can take any number of forms. Events, conditions, outcomes, objects, documents, sentiments, and individuals are all considered testimony when they have meaning as symbols or stories about human experience.
actor
victim testimony
survivor testimony
eyewitness, witness testimony
beneficiary testimony
expert testimony
client testimony
migrant testimony
children's testimony
legal classification
sworn, unsworn testimony
medium
video, documentary testimony
written
oral testimony
live (in-person) testimony
overseeing body
congressional testimony
senate testimony
content
in-depth testimony
general testimony
value / effect
essential testimony
moving testimony
powerful testimony
veracity
false testimony
relationship to event
direct testimony
first-hand testimony
personal testimony
on-the-ground testimony
Testimony has two main roles with verbs: it is both collected (by humanitarian organisations) and it is given (by actors and representatives).
Authors also use the verb be, in constructions like "the organization's work is testimony to the strength of these alliances" (AR-367), to label information and entities as such.
As NCA's role has partially been to communicate testimonies of the situation on the ground to Norwegian congregations, collaboration with Palestinian, Israeli and international actors has proved to be strategically noteworthy. 5 The Church of Norway (Council on Ecumenical and International Relations), the Christian Council of Norway and YMCA-YWCA Global.
Very often the victims have fear and are ashamed to stand in a law court or at a hearing giving testimony of how the case happened.
Contexts with testimony often describe its impact, ranging from eliciting emotional responses to concrete outcomes. Well beyond serving as legal evidence, testimonies are used for a variety of purposes:
The young woman's testimony was a crucial element in the case against a number of cartel leaders.
By giving an oral testimony of their experience, displaced people have the opportunity to speak out in their own words on issues which concern them, rather than having their needs and priorities interpreted by outsiders.
During the memorial prayers, the NMPDC team documented video testimonies from victims and survivors. Sharing such testimonies helped promote community and individual healing.
Dialogues were held in Mucwini (Acholi), Barlonyo (Lango), Ombachi (West Nile) and Obalanga (Teso), and demonstrated that truth-telling is possible and vital in fostering healing, provoking disclosure and as such enabling the collection of testimonies which in turn are critical for promoting a collective sense of history and future accountability.
For those who do not have any papers confirming their identity, testimonies and confirmations from others, for example fellow villagers, are used.
We have tried to supplement the statistics with stories and testimonies of people who have participated in Operation Mercy programmes and had their lives improved or transformed. We hope that this combination of numbers and narrative present a balanced view of Operation Mercy's overall impact.
In April 2013, together with other agencies, we gathered testimony from people in these countries to understand their hopes and aspirations for peace as the African Union celebrated its 50th anniversary.
An innovative campaign, launched on the 2011 International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, asked women and men from around the country to share testimonies of violence in their lives and recommend ways to move towards a safer world. In three months, nearly 10,000 letters poured in, both electronically and through mailboxes in government offices, hospitals, markets and universities. About half described domestic or other forms of violence; some told horrific tales of "treatment by rape" to "correct" homosexuality. The campaign, sponsored by UN Women in partnership with the municipality of Quito and the German development cooperation agency, sparked widespread public debate–with news coverage reaching over 5 million people.
Frequent words that accompany a term are known as collocates. A given term and its collocates form collocations. These can be extracted automatically based on statistics and curated manually to explore interactions with concepts.
Comparisons over time between organisation types with the greatest number of hits (NGO, NGO_Fed, IGO, Net and RC organisations) may prove to be meaningful. Below is an histogram for the top yearly collocation for each of the five organisations with the greatest contribution as well as across all organisation types.
Collocational data for testimony was found to be scarce. Across all 5 organisation types analysed, only 9 top collocates were obtained:
witness;
collection;
collect;
personal;
hope;
give;
victim;
bear; and
gather
NGO documents generated powerful as top collocate in 2018.
NGO_Fed documents generated collect as top collocate in 2017 with the highest overall score.
IGO documents generated witness in 2005 as top collocate.
Lastly, no collocational data was obtained from Net nor RC documents.
Organisation subcorpora present unique and shared collocations with other organisation types. Unique collocations allow to discover what a particular organisation type says about testimony that others do not.
NGO documents feature the following top ten unique collocates:
eyewitness
fieldworker
affidavit
congressional
enduring
first-hand
PCHR (Palestinian Center for Human Rights)
swahili
invitation
video
NGO_Fed documents feature the following top ten unique collocates:
sicily
syrian
justice
patience
medical
impact
staff
public
action
IGO documents feature the following top ten unique collocates:
clear
strong
migrant
Net documents feature the following top ten unique collocates:
story
client
important
issue
change
RC documents feature the following top ten unique collocates:
uproot
observation
available
situation
Shared collocations allow to discover matching elements with organisations who discuss testimony. These constitute intersections between subcorpora.
Top collocates shared by 2 organisation types are:
witness (NGO + IGO)
powerful (NGO_Fed + NGO)
collect (NGO_Fed + NGO)
read (NGO_Fed + NGO)
victim (NGO + IGO)
submit (NGO + Net)
fact (NGO + IGO)
move (NGO + IGO)
section (NGO_Fed + NGO)
field (NGO_Fed + NGO)
Top collocates shared by 3 organisation types are:
oral (RC + Net + IGO )
bear (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO)
personal (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO)
hear (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO)
collection (RC + NGO + Net)
share (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO)
live (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO)
provide ( IGO + NGO + Net)
woman (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO)
people (RC + NGO_Fed + NGO)
Top collocates shared by 4 organisation types are:
gather (RC + NGO_Fed + NGO + Net)
give (NGO_Fed + NGO + Net + IGO)
No collocates were found to be shared by 5 organisation types.
The chart below represents the distribution of testimony between 2005 and 2019 in terms of the number of occurrences and relative frequency of occurrences. It also allows you to view the distribution across Regions, Organisations and Document types.
The relative frequency of a concept compares its occurrences in a specific subcorpora (i.e. Year, Region, Organisation Type, Document Type) to its total number of occurrences in the entire HE corpus. This indicates how typical a word is to a specific subcorpus and allows to draw tentative comparisons between subcorpora, e.g. Europe vs Asia or NGO vs IGO. You can read these relative frequencies as follows:
Relative frequency is expressed as a percentage, above or below the total number of occurrences, which are set at 100%. This measure is obtained by dividing the number of occurrences by the relative size of a particular subcorpus.
Under 100%: a word is less frequent in a subcorpus than in the entire corpus. This is means that the word is not typical or specific to a given subcorpus.
100%: a word is as frequent in a subcorpus as it is in the entire corpus.
Over 100%: a word is more frequent in a subcorpus than in the entire corpus. This means that the word in question is typical or specific to a given subcorpus.
As an author, you may be interested in exploring why a concept appears more or less frequently in a given subcorpus. This may be related to the concept's nature, the way humanitarians in a given year, region, organisation type or document type use the concept, or the specific documents in the corpus and subcorpora itself. To manually explore the original corpus data, you can consult each Contexts section where available or the search the corpus itself if needs be.
Occurrences of testimony were highest in 2014. However, this concept obtained the highest relative frequency recorded in 2005 (129%).
Europe generated the greatest number of occurrences and MENA generated the highest relative frequency with 611%.
The top 5 organisation types with the highest relative frequency of testimony are Project, NGO, Net, RE and NGO_Fed.
Activity reports provided the greatest number of occurrences as well as the highest relative frequency with 101%.
This shows the evolution of testimony and in the vast Google Books corpus, which gives you a general idea of the trajectory of the term in English books between 1950 and 2019. Values are expressed as a percentage of the total corpus instead of occurrences.
Please note that this is not a domain-specific corpus. However, it provides a general overview of and its evolution across domains.
Testimony decreases slightly and then starts to increase in 1969. It reaches its peak in 1976 and then declines until 2019.
Testimony lacks clear debates & controversies, with authors tending to focus on its limitations and the organisational requirements for collecting and employing this type of documentation.
Two main concerns are the veracity and treatment of testimony: individuals may provide untruthful testimonies, while corrupt legal systems can ignore others.
"Honour killings have at last been forbidden by law, says Alia, but the law the enforced in very different ways and not particularly strictly. In a court-case, for example, one woman's testimony concerning honour-related violence is ignored if she testifies alone. Two female witnesses are needed to weigh against one of a man," she says. Inherited authoritarian culture and patriarchal attitudes are the biggest obstacle in relation to contributing to women's and young people's participation in Kurdistan, says Project Advisor in Norwegian People's Aid, Alia Rashid Amin.
The Palic Process was launched in 2004 by the OSCE. It brings together the judicial authorities of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and (now) Montenegro with the aim of enhancing inter-state co-operation in addressing war crimes investigations, prosecutions and trials. Issues include the recognition of the validity of testimonies and the protection of witnesses.
A bribed judge will often simply distort the testimony of witnesses in their summaries and give the corresponding judgement. Even if the verdict is inevitable the subsequent sentencing may bear little relation to the severity of the crime. What Makes a System Corrupt Judicial corruption in many respects is just another aspect of a weakly functioning state. In many countries politically motivated bodies appoint or promote judges according to their own requirements, so that the judicial system becomes just another arm of the executive.
Two cases comment that over-relying on testimony in cases can be a negative factor in desired outcomes: testimony may not always be the strongest type of evidence and can slow down parts of the legal process.
Regional and international human rights protection systems have suggested that this impunity is largely due to the inadequacy of criminal investigations, including insufficient contextualization of the cases; the heavy reliance on the testimonies of witnesses rather than on other types of evidence; the erroneous legal qualifications or requalification of the crimes; and the use of mitigating circumstances to shorten prison sentences.
The Office of the Prosecutor also took a number of steps to reduce the time necessary to present cases in ongoing and upcoming trials by using more written evidence instead of live witness testimony and by trying to speed up the transition from pretrial to trial.
While many contexts showcase the successful use of testimonies, others comment on the substantial work, training, and communication necessary to achieve objectives. In several contexts, organisations describe projects dedicated to better leveraging testimonies in and increasing their visibility.
Two two-day training sessions were organized for fieldworkers, focusing on skillbuilding in testimony collection, the multiple uses of filmed testimony, the legal context for their documentation work, and sexual harassment training.
Risks and Obstacles • The dangerous situation in the Gaza Strip during the Israeli offensive. • Difficulties of accessing sites of incidents due to ongoing attacks. • Difficulties in obtaining testimonies from victims and eyewitnesses due to their psychological condition.
Developing an innovative methodology, the process of 'active memory' used to gather the various testimonies has had a powerful transformative impact on the women involved – contributing to healing, social reparation and reconciliation.
SI's testimony and especially the formalization of its fight against water-borne diseases... should be publicized by all its members and by all media.
The organization initiated a dramatic expansion of its use of video and photographic documentation by hiring a professional video coordinator, setting up a video editing room, and gathering new footage. B'Tselem now regularly produces video testimonies and short movies to accompany the publication of reports.
Testimony and testimonial are sometimes interchangeable, although the latter has a much lower frequency (150) and more restricted usage. Both fall under types of experiences shared through some form of communication. Testimonials are generally positive statements about the worth of a organisation, as with donor testimonials. A minority of cases use testimonial as a statement of having seen a crime or key event, otherwise equivalent to testimony of witnesses.
Donor testimonial "I have been associated with Save the Children for almost five years now and I am quite impressed with their work for children."
Backed up by success stories and testimonial letters read on our radio series about similar successful efforts at reducing violence and strife, these youth activists initiate and participate in peace rallies, job fairs, sports events and community reconstruction efforts.
Moreover, throughout the past year Palestinian human rights groups have raised concerns about occupation forces' willingness to deploy lethal force against unarmed, lightly armed or wounded Palestinians. These concerns are confirmed by the testimonials of witnesses and videos of extrajudicial killings of Palestinians by Israeli occupation forces.
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