The HE corpus contains 2,841 occurrences of the concept politics.
Click here to enlarge and for more details
Refresh the website if the graphics are not shownPolitics occurs mostly in documents published in Europe, followed by Africa, North America, Asia and MENA with comparatively smaller contributions. Overall, the top five contributors in terms of occurrences are IGO, NGO, NGO_Fed, Net and Found organisations.
IGO documents provide the greatest number of occurrences, primarily from general documents published in Europe. Occurrences from NGO, NGO_Fed, Net and Found were mostly obtained from activity reports published in Europe.
is a
sector, field, area, subject
aspect of life
factor, external variable
sphere, world
bargaining process
sensitive matter, issue
motivator for discrimination
is described by its nature
has geographic extensions
has subsections by group
has many subject matters
has temporal scopes
is affected by
globalisation
corporate influence
national, ethnic & other identities
affects
human rights, vulnerability & other humanitarian issues
is approached by organisations with
apolitical stances
impartiality, independence
advocacy, direct engagement
is a focus for humanitarians regarding
increasing participation, engagement for excluded populations
improving equality & fairness for everyone
requires analysis & understanding
which is sometimes lacking among humanitarian organisations
causes politicisation
including of humanitarian work, which suffers as a result
including politicising humanitarian terminology
for bodies like the UN Security Council
for topics like refugee assistance
is conducted by politicians, who are
targets of advocacy efforts & educational programmes
collaborators for humanitarian work
influential actors
protagonists & antagonists
can be an internal & external issue for humanitarians
can be synonymous with political process
No explicit definitions exist for politics in the HE corpus, and the few definitional contexts detected only offer a glancing view of politics as a dimension of society. One of the more common implicit categorisations of politics is as a basis for discrimination, alongside sex, religion, etc. Likewise, it has been differentiated with governance to underscore the wide range of areas and activities it permeates.
Help is provided regardless of religion, politics , gender, sexual orientation, race or nationality and to the highest international codes and standards.
In politics, as opposed to the notion of "government", the notion of governance acknowledges both the increasing presence of networks in modern society and the non-governmental influences on policymaking.
sector, field, area, subject
art
science
academia
journalism
education
culture
development
governance
aspect of life
business
education
factor, external variable
societal needs
religious climate
donor interests
sphere, world
bargaining process
sensitive matter/issue
motivator for discrimination
religion
gender
sexual orientation
race
nationality
Given that it has nearly unlimited combinatorial potential, numerous kinds of politics exist in the HE corpus. The most frequent of these can be reduced to a handful of generic categories, from geographic extension to temporal scope, as shown below.
Each category represents up to ten of the highest-frequency types, though most have too few contexts for linguistic analysis. Geographic extension is the most common set, and as a whole they have the highest relative density in Africa and MENA General Documents.
geographic extension
international politics
local politics
national politics
global politics
domestic politics
world politics
african politics
regional politics
urban politics
nature
mainstream politics
legitimate politics
democratic politics
partisan politics
formal politics
divisive politics
patronage politics
informal politics
conservative politics
communal politics
group
party politics
student politics
public politics
multiparty politics
organisational politics
ethnic politics
subject matter
identity politics
power politics
inclusive politics
comparative politics
electoral politics
politics of measuring emissions
development politics
climate politics
representative politics
temporal scope
current politics
Globalisation does not have notably high frequencies with politics, but there is consistent commentary from authors describing their interconnected future. This may be beneficial for any analysis of how politics is perceived to be changing and implications for humanitarian actors.
World politics are still in pre-globalisation mode, with national politics and domestic issues determining the international response of countries much more than the global problems the world faces.
These analyses seek to capture a trend that has been emerging in international politics for some time: the attempt to curb, through territorial hegemony, the actual or threatened loss of control of the political, economic and cultural space that has been triggered by globalisation.
At a time when global action and collaboration are imperative, self-identities are narrowing. Social and political movements linked to identity, whether nationalist or ethnopolitical, seem to be increasing in frequency and strength. Identity politics are on the rise.
Politics shares a causal relationship with several humanitarian concepts. It has been seen, for instance, as a determinant of human rights conditions and vulnerability for affected populations. That said, politics should not be considered monolithic in its influence: sometimes local politics may play a crucial role, whereas in other cases different types of politics are put into focus.
The human rights landscape remains fragile and susceptible to deterioration in many countries where we work. Elections or political transitions in many countries have led to spikes in insecurity and an increased potential for conflict. Local politics will continue to determine shifts in the human rights situation.
People's vulnerability is largely determined by factors of politics (how well government functions and how power is used to benefit all citizens), economics (how income and assets are distributed and taxes used for preparedness) and society (whether some people are suffering discrimination on gender or ethnic basis).
When considering politics, organisations may take a variety of positions, from being apolitical actors to actively trying to persuade others on specific issues. Common threads include
the necessity to understand politics, which is incumbent on actors who work with authorities or in complex political situations;
engaging with other actors effectively, whether that is guided by humanitarian notions of independence and impartiality or a more advocacy-based approach; and
helping populations understand and engage with politics: raising political involvement/participation is a primary focus for various organisations.
Beyond the financial crisis, ODI has continued to gather the evidence to influence key debates about social protection, pro-poor value chains, the need to understand domestic politics when engaging in fragile states, better humanitarian response and new challenges for development as a result of climate change.
In a country where fewer than 20% of political positions are held by women, the initiative helps girls understand national politics and the importance of gender equality in these spaces. our main areas of work Sexual and reproductive health and rights We want vulnerable and excluded children, particularly girls, to have control over their lives and bodies.
Increasing women's participation in local politics in Zimbabwe was the goal of our partner organization Wipsu when they began their work two years ago.
NGO leadership or staff have to avoid being part of local politics and other partisan groups/ and avoid involving ourselves in the dispute within community or taking side.
We will actively support and stand in solidarity with dalit struggles for the promotion of inclusive politics and resist atrocities and the practice of untouchability.
The adjectives political and apolitical have an extremely uneven influence in humanitarian discourse. Whereas apolitical appears in just over 54 cases, political has over 37,000. While the former mostly consists of affirmations of organisational values, the latter has great combinatorial potential beyond the scope of this analysis. It is useful, though, to consider the nouns it modifies to highlight key aspects of politics:
political party
political will
political participation
political instability
political process
political commitment
political situation
political leader
political crisis
political right
political prisoner
political system
political agenda
political violence
political economy
political dialogue
political solution
political opinion
political stability
political support
Because assistance in such circumstances focuses on keeping people alive, relief is often described as an apolitical humanitarian project.
Third, the vast majority of humanitarian actors, particularly UN agencies but also many NGOs, will not be able to adopt the ICRC model. Most have dual mandates covering both humanitarian and development assistance. UN agencies will always be accountable to member states through their governing boards and as donors, making them inherently political entities in a way the ICRC (or MSF) is not. As UN entities, they are inevitably linked to the political organs of the UN, especially the Security Council, and most attempts to differentiate between the UN's different roles on the ground have met with little success.
Forms like politicise and politicisation have under 340 cases, with higher relative densities in General Documents and Strategy in Europe and MENA. Cases are split between responding to politicisation as a common issue in various regions, as well as the particular challenge of the politicisation of aid and humanitarian work.
Levels of politicisation are sometimes tracked to offer organisations insight into current conditions. Politicisation is often framed by authors as a tool used by antagonists (especially government authorities) to hinder humanitarian operations. See Debates & Controversies for more details.
Other activities included mappings of youth politicisation and radicalisation in the country, organising a study trip to Myanmar and, above all, offering safe spaces for the main conflict stakeholders to explore political solutions to the conflict.
In many places, numerous armed groups are engaged in attacks and counter-attacks, and control over territories is constantly changing. Simultaneously, aid has become more politicised. In certain contexts, aid is perceived as part of ideological warfare, and consequently humanitarian workers are not given access or are being directly targeted.
Politician appears rough 1,400 times in the HE corpus with somewhat even relative densities across text types. Exceptions include RC, State, NGO_Nat, North America, and Strategy, which have the lowest densities in their respective categories.
Politicians are seen as targets of advocacy efforts and educational programmes, collaborators for humanitarian work, and one of many types of actors that influence society at large – both as protagonists and antagonists. While there are common themes, like corruption and opportunism among politicians, cases tend to be highly context specific.
These politicians joined forces with activists and involved the High Council of Women to collectively enhance women's rights and influence in politics.
Donor agencies are part of government administrations which are controlled by the legislatures of their countries. However, very few politicians have a clear idea of how the aid industry works, and nor does the general public.
In an increasingly hostile environment, in which politicians in Italy and other European countries attempted to undermine public support for search and rescue, NGOs faced unfounded accusations of collaboration and collusion with traffickers.
Frequent words that accompany a term are known as collocates. A given term and its collocates form collocations. These can be extracted automatically based on statistics and curated manually to explore interactions with concepts.
Comparisons over time between organisation types with the greatest number of hits (IGO, NGO, NGO_Fed, Net and Found organisations) may prove to be meaningful. Below is an histogram for the top yearly collocation for each of the five organisations with the greatest contribution as well as across all organisation types.
Collocational data for politics was found to be scarce. Across all 5 organisation types analysed, only 3 top collocates were obtained:
economics;
religion; and
power
IGO documents generated economics as the only top collocate in 2010.
NGO documents generated economics as top collocate in 2018 with the highest overall score.
NGO_Fed documents generated participation as top collocate for 2012.
Net documents only generated power as top collocate for 2009 and 2013.
Found documents generated power as top collocate for 2017.
Organisation subcorpora present unique and shared collocations with other organisation types. Unique collocations allow to discover what a particular organisation type says about politics that others do not.
IGO documents feature the following top ten unique collocates:
legitimate
transatlantic
parity
nationalism
clan
symbolic
identity
politics
decentralization
discourse
NGO documents feature the following top ten unique collocates:
underrepresent
landsberg
divisive
anti-poverty
realm
smoke
edit
organ
consent
opposition
NGO_Fed documents feature the following top ten unique collocates:
UCD (University College Dublin)
elite
responsive
communal
diaspora
background
capture
side
try
federal
Net documents feature the following top ten unique collocates:
APPP (Africa Power and Politics Programme)
IEDG (The International Economic Development Group )
ethnicity
ODI ( Overseas Development Institute )
shape
non-governmental
officer
get
protection
growth
Found documents feature the following unique collocates:
mainstream
EU
course
energy
research
Shared collocations allow to discover matching elements with organisations who discuss politics. These constitute intersections between subcorpora.
Top collocates shared by 2 organisation types are:
partisan (NGO_Fed + NGO)
comparative (NGO + IGO)
electoral (NGO + IGO)
journal (IGO + Found)
enter (NGO + IGO)
professor (NGO + Net)
history (NGO + IGO)
representation (NGO_Fed + IGO)
influence (NGO_Fed + NGO)
culture (NGO + IGO)
Top collocates shared by 3 organisation types are:
economics (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO)
decision-making (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO)
participation (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO)
economy (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO)
domestic (NGO + Net+ IGO)
woman (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO)
medium (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO)
gender (NGO + Net+ IGO)
university (NGO + IGO + Found)
Africa (NGO + Net+ IGO)
democratic (NGO + IGO + Found)
Top collocates shared by 4 organisation types are:
religion (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO + Found)
involve (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO + Found)
society (NGO_Fed + NGO + Net + IGO)
policy (NGO_Fed + NGO + Net + IGO)
world (NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO + Found)
right (NGO_Fed + NGO + Net + IGO)
aid (NGO_Fed + NGO + Net + IGO)
human (IGO + Net + NGO_Fed + NGO)
development (Found + NGO + Net + IGO)
Top collocates shared by 5 organisation types are:
power (NGO_Fed + NGO + Net + IGO + Found)
governance (NGO_Fed + NGO + Net + IGO + Found)
international (NGO_Fed + NGO + Net + IGO + Found)
public (NGO_Fed + NGO + Net + IGO + Found)
national (Net + NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO + Found)
have (Found + Net + NGO_Fed + NGO + IGO)
The chart below represents the distribution of politics between 2005 and 2019 in terms of the number of occurrences and relative frequency of occurrences. It also allows you to view the distribution across Regions, Organisations and Document types.
The relative frequency of a concept compares its occurrences in a specific subcorpora (i.e. Year, Region, Organisation Type, Document Type) to its total number of occurrences in the entire HE corpus. This indicates how typical a word is to a specific subcorpus and allows to draw tentative comparisons between subcorpora, e.g. Europe vs Asia or NGO vs IGO. You can read these relative frequencies as follows:
Relative frequency is expressed as a percentage, above or below the total number of occurrences, which are set at 100%. This measure is obtained by dividing the number of occurrences by the relative size of a particular subcorpus.
Under 100%: a word is less frequent in a subcorpus than in the entire corpus. This is means that the word is not typical or specific to a given subcorpus.
100%: a word is as frequent in a subcorpus as it is in the entire corpus.
Over 100%: a word is more frequent in a subcorpus than in the entire corpus. This means that the word in question is typical or specific to a given subcorpus.
As an author, you may be interested in exploring why a concept appears more or less frequently in a given subcorpus. This may be related to the concept's nature, the way humanitarians in a given year, region, organisation type or document type use the concept, or the specific documents in the corpus and subcorpora itself. To manually explore the original corpus data, you can consult each Contexts section where available or the search the corpus itself if needs be.
Occurrences of politics were highest in 2016. However, the highest relative frequency was recorded in 2005 (113%).
Europe generated the greatest number of occurrences and Africa generated the highest relative frequency with 157%.
The top 5 organisation types with the highest relative frequency of politics are C/B, Net, Found, IGO and WHS.
General documents provided the greatest number of occurrences as well as the highest relative frequency with 158%.
This shows the evolution of politics and in the vast Google Books corpus, which gives you a general idea of the trajectory of the term in English books between 1950 and 2019. Values are expressed as a percentage of the total corpus instead of occurrences.
Please note that this is not a domain-specific corpus. However, it provides a general overview of and its evolution across domains.
Politics increases steadily until it peeks in 2019.
Debates and controversies for a concept as broad and divisive as politics are too many to count. Even though politics has relatively few cases, if political and related terms were included, a full analysis could be sprawling.
The verbs most associated with politics are also indicative of the tension and power struggles it engenders, including dominate, influence, shape, and understand.
The most direct observations that can be made for politics include the following issues:
lack of humanitarian awareness of the political environment and dynamics
politics within the humanitarian field
corporate influence in politics
equality and fairness - in elections and for all populations
varying stances on how humanitarians should approach politics
the politicisation of humanitarian work
The environment for humanitarian agencies Pakistan’s domestic politics and international position have important, but under-appreciated, implications for humanitarian agencies responding to the October earthquake; in effect, agencies may find themselves participants in an ongoing process of political realignment aimed, not at the establishment of transparent democratic government, but at the centre’s consolidation of political, administrative and economic control. Few UN or interna- tional agencies have stopped to consider the political environment in which they find themselves.
Without analysis of activities other than the distribution of T-Shelter kits (and their relative and geographic impact), it was difficult to consider other non-permanent solutions, such as reinforcement kits; the appropriateness of T-Shelter kits for non-displaced populations; what non-assisted people would do and when; and trade-offs between alternatives, such as repairs, in terms of pace, cost and appropriateness. The final factor was organisational politics: UN-Habitat has a global urban mandate, chairs the Global Protection Cluster’s HLP Sub-Working Group, established Logement- Quartier and took over the HLP working group in June and the Shelter Cluster in November 2010.
Our biggest global challenges require us to re-think our solidarity – how do we build strong labour and social movements in the face of unparalleled corporate influence in global and national politics, the unraveling of public services and community ownership by neo-liberal governments and the imminent threat posed by climate change?
The Consultation addressed two key issues for women in politics : (i) political violence and harassment against women and (ii) reconciliation of personal life with parliamentary life.
Others observed an overwhelming lack of a level playing field and the "commercialisation of politics" raising the question as to whether the electoral process was truly democratic.
NGO leadership or staff have to avoid being part of local politics and other partisan groups/ and avoid involving ourselves in the dispute within community or taking side.
This misalignment between a leader's motivation/incentives to pursue good policies, provide services and be accountable, as opposed to serving the interests of a small elite, underscores the importance of understanding local political economies and social networks. This does not mean that humanitarian actors should get involved in municipal or city politics, the economy and social networks. Instead, it means that a stronger understanding of the urban context will enable more focused interventions that better serve the interests of the displaced and affected host communities, including the local authorities.
Is Bread for the World allowed to get involved in politics at all?
CFW ― The statement of principles, Den Armen Gerechtigkeit (“Justice for the Poor”)—agreed by the governing bodies in 2000 in response to urgent appeals from our partner organisations—affirmed that political advocacy is a necessary and legitimate area of work.
This development is primarily motivated by India"s effort to strengthen its position as an emerging international actor. However, little is known about where Indian aid flows go in detail and with what exact purpose. The Indian government, for reasons related to domestic politics, strongly rejects the terminology of "donor", "development assistance" and "ODA".
International Humanitarian Law forbids the targeting of civilians but this is being flouted time and time again with no repercussions. The UN Security Council is hopelessly politicised and not fit for purpose.
Humanitarian assistance for refugees, long a cornerstone of the foreign policy of democratic nations, has been politicized nearly into extinction.
Creation of a solid, coordinated advocacy message can be difficult to achieve, largely because of the conflicting needs to secure a wide base of support while ensuring a sufficiently robust message. In addition, in many politicised contexts, information sharing is highly constrained and advocacy must be done in secret. Although non-public negotiations are a valid and often useful form of humanitarian advocacy, they run counter to the goals of building a common, unified position across humanitarian actors.
When used generically, political process (under 700 cases) can serve as a functional synonym for politics, although this is less true for concrete circumstances. While politics often carries an inherently negative connotation, political process tends to be used more formally, with narrower reference to elections and the steps authorities take to negotiate during conflicts.
More than 100 million people have reported a greater understanding of political processes and current affairs as a result of engaging with our programmes.
He focused on the need to start a political process. In a statement to the press, the Council conveyed its grave concern about the deteriorating security and humanitarian situation in Yemen and welcomed the ongoing mediation efforts of the Gulf Cooperation Council.
You can add your feedback on this LAR and say whether you need us to expand the information on any section by filling in a brief form.