Selected secondary sources (collected c.1996)
Abel, Ben, "Beholding a Landmark of Guilt: Pramoedya in the Early 1960s and the Current Regime," Indonesia 64, October 1997.
Adhy Asmara, ed., Analisa Ringan Kemelut Roman Karya Pulau Buru Bumi Manusia Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Yogyakarta: Nur Cahaya, 1981.
Ahmat Adam, "The Vernacular Press and the Emergence of Modern Indonesian Consciousness, (1855-1913)," Ph.D thesis, London: University of London, 1984, [microform].
Ahmat Adam, "Pramoedya Ananta Toer dalam Rumah Kaca," Dewan Sastera, June 1989.
Ahmad Sahal, "Terjerat dalam Rumah Kaca: Masih Meyakinkankah Nationalisme?", kalam 3, 1994.
Amrih Widodo, "The 'Roh' of the System: On the Unification of Meaning and Expression in a Contemporary Indonesian Novel," Indonesia 40, October 1985.
Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, revised ed., New York: Verso, 1991.
Anderson, Benedict, "Language, Fantasy, Revolution: Java 1900-1950," Making Indonesia, ed. Lev and McVey, Ithaca: SEAP, 1996.
Anderson, Benedict, "Radicalism after Communism in Thailand and Indonesia," New Left Review, no.202, November-December 1993.
Anderson, Benedict, "Reading 'Revenge' by Pramoedya Ananta Toer," Writing on the Tongue, ed. A.L. Becker, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1989.
Aveling, Harry, "The Thorny Rose: the Avoidance of Passion in Modern Indonesian Literature," Indonesia 7, April 1969.
Bahrum Rangkuti, Pramoedya Ananta Toer dan Karja Seninja, Djakarta: Gunung Agung, 1963.
Becker, A.L., ed., Writing on the Tongue, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, 1989.
Charle, Suzanne, "Prisoner Without a Cell," The Nation, February 3, 1992.
Cohen, Margot, "Total Correction," Far Eastern Economic Review, October 12, 1995.
Davidson, Claire, "Rumah Kaca: Pramoedya Ananta Toer and Indonesia's 'hidden history,'" Inside Indonesia, no.16, October 1988.
Dhakidae, Daniel, "Kesusasteraan Indonesia dalam Kesusasteraan Dunia," Kompas, May 24, 1994.
Dhakidae, Daniel, "Kesusastraan, Kekuasaan, dan Kebudayaan Suatu Bangsa," kalam 6, 1995.
Dhakidae, Daniel, "Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Pujangga Penuh Paradoks," Kompas, May 23, 1994.
Foulcher, Keith, "Bumi Manusia and Anak Semua Bangsa: Pramoedya Ananta Toer Enters the 1980s," Indonesia 32, October 1981.
Foulcher, Keith, "The Early Fiction of Pramoedya Ananta Toer, 1946-1949," Text/Politics in Southeast Asia: Essays in Interpretation, ed. D.M. Roskies, Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1993.
Foulcher, Keith, "Sastra Kontekstual: Recent Developments in Indonesian Literary Politics," RIMA, v.21, no.1, Winter 1987.
Foulcher, Keith, "Some trends in Indonesian Fiction," Culture and Society in New Order Indonesia, ed. Virginia Matheson Hooker, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Goenawan Mohamad, "Catatan Pinggir: Pram," Suara Independen, no.3/I, August 1995.
Goenawan Mohamad, "Indonesia's Prize Scars," Far Eastern Economic Review, September 28, 1995.
Hasta Mitra Publishing House, "Statement (Pramoedya's publishers protest)," Inside Indonesia, no.9, December 1986.
Hatley, Barbara, "Blora Revisited," Indonesia 30, October 1980.
Hellwig, Tineke, In the Shadow of Change: Women in Indonesian Literature, Berkeley: University of California Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies, 1994.
Henry, Patricia B., "The Writer's Responsibility: A Preliminary Look at the Depiction and Construction of Indonesia in the Works of Pramoedya Ananta Toer," Crossroads, v.6, no.2, 1991.
Hilmar Farid, "Menemukan Bangsa, Mencipta Bahasa: Bahasa, Politik, dan Nationalisme Indonesia," kalam 3, 1994.
Hong Liu, "The China Metaphor: Indonesian Intellectuals and the PRC, 1949-1965," Ph.D. diss., Athens: Ohio University, 1995.
Indonesian Association Foundation, "Burying pearls in the mud: the banning of Pramoedya," Inside Indonesia, no.18, April 1989.
James, Jamie, "The Indonesiad," The New Yorker, May 27, 1996.
Jarvis, Helen, "Pramoedya banned again," Inside Indonesia, no.8, October 1986.
Koh Young Hun, "Pemikiran Pramoedya Ananta Toer dalam Novel- Novel Mutakhirnya," Ph. D. thesis, Universiti Malaya, 1993.
Kwok, Yenni, "Fighting Words," Asiaweek, April 24, 1998.
Legge, John, "Colonial Tensions," Australian Book Review, February-March, 1983.
Lev, Daniel S., "Writer's Colony," The Nation, February 3, 1992.
MacShane, Denis, "From massacre to corruption," New Statesman, December 10, 1982.
Maier, Henk, "Hikayat Dagang: Dari 'Syair Ken Tambuhan' ke Pramoedya Ananta Toer," kalam 4, 1995.
McBeth, John, "Prisoners of History," Far Eastern Economic Review, February 16, 1995.
McCarthy, Terry, "Novel Cause", Time, April 20, 1998
Morley, John David, "Warped by Empire," New York Times Book Review, June 9, 1996.
Mrazek, Rudolf, "Glass House, Takashi Shiraishi, and Indonesian Studies in Motion," Indonesia 53, April 1992.
Mrazek, Rudolf, "Only the Deaf Hear Well," Indonesia 61, April 1996.
Mulder, Niels, "Individual and Society in Contemporary Thailand and Java: An Anthropologist's Comparison of Modern Serious Fiction," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, v.14, no.2, 1983.
Onghokham, "The Inscrutable and the Paranoid: An Investigation into the Sources of the Brotodiningrat Affair," Southeast Asian Transitions, ed. Ruth McVey, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.
Pollard, Vincent, "Review: Child of All Nations," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, v.19, no.1, 1987.
Pracoyo and Santoso, "Pramoedya di Ambang Kebebasan," Forum Keadilan, thn.II, no.13, October 14, 1993.
"Pramoedya Ananta Toer," Contemporary Authors, v.134, 1992.
Ratih, I Gusti Agung Ayu, "Rushdie dan Pramoedya: Bersimpangnya Narasi tentang Bangsa," kalam 6, 1995.
Roskies, D.M., "Permission, Voice, and Silence: Inscriptions of Authority," Text/Politics in Southeast Asia: Essays in Interpretation, ed. D.M. Roskies, Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1993.
Sacerdoti, Guy, "Creativity behind bars" and "The power of one man's pen," Far Eastern Economic Review, October 24, 1980.
Sacerdoti, Guy, "Freedom--to a degree," Far Eastern Economic Review, June 26, 1981.
Scherer, Savitri Prisiti, "From Culture to Politics: the writings of Pramoedya Ananta Toer, 1950-1965," n.p., 1981, [microform].
Scott, Margaret, "Waging war with words," Far Eastern Economic Review, August 9, 1990.
Scow, John, "Setting Free the Word," Time, July 22, 1996.
Sears, Laurie J., Shadows of Empire: Colonial Discourse and Javanese Tales, Durham: Duke University Press, 1996.
Shiraishi, Takashi, An Age in Motion: Popular Radicalism in Java, 1912-1926, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990.
Shiraishi, Takashi, "Reading Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Sang Pemula (The Pioneer)," Indonesia 64, October 1987.
Siegel, James T., "Revolutionary Stink and the Extention of the Tongue of the People: The Political Languages of Pramoedya Ananta Toer and Sukarno," Indonesia 64, October 1997.
Teeuw, A., Modern Indonesian Literature, Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde translation series, Riverton: Foris Publications, 1986.
Teeuw, A., "Pramoedya Ananta Toer: Indonesian Nobel Candidate?", lecture presented at the University of California, Berkeley, May 3, 1990, [in Pramoedya & Karyanya, unpublished microform].
Teeuw, A., "Revolusi Indonesia dalam Imajinasi Pramoedya Ananta Toer," kalam 6, 1995.
Thomas, Phillip L., "Amalgamation of the Monkeys: A Re-View of Pramoedya's Bumi Manusia," Kabar Seberang, no.13/14, 1984.
Tickell, Paul, "Righting History," Inside Indonesia, no.7, May 1986.
Tickell, Paul, "The Writing of Indonesian Literary History," RIMA, v.21, no.1, Winter 1987.
Vickers, Adrian, "Reading Pramoedya Ananata Toer and Writing Indonesian History", New Literatures Review 22 (Winter South) 1991: 82-102. (ISSN 0314-7495)
Watson, C.W., "Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Short Stories: an Anti- Poststructuralist Account," Cultural Context and Textual Interpretation, ed. C.D. Grijns and S.O. Robson, Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde, 1986.
Wertheim, W.F., "Politique coloniale et politique 'neo-coloniale à l'egarde de l'Islam indonesien," archipel 46, 1993.
Wertheim, W.F., "Pramoedya as historian," Pramoedya Ananta Toer 70 Tahun: Essays to Honour Pramoedya Ananta Toer's 70th Year, (Kabar Seberang, special edition), ed. Bob Hering, Den Haag: Edisi Sastra Kabar Seberang, Sulating Maphilindo 24/25, 1995.
Wira Karya [Publishers], "In Defense of New Magsaysay Winner," New Straits Times, August 19, 1995.
Yamashita, Shinji and James T. Siegel, "Indonesian into Japanese: An Interview with Noriaki Oshikawa," Indonesia 64, October 1997.