会話 4
Numbers
It should be enough if you memorize 1-10 and know how to count 1-100.
You can download and print out the list of numbers. Just look up the list when you have a difficulty with bigger numbers.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ichi, ni, san, yon, go, roku, nana, hachi, kyū, jū
11-19: jū ichi (10+1), jū ni (10+2), jū san (10+3)...
20-99: ni-jū (2x10), ni-jū ichi (2x10+1), ni-jū ni (2x10+2)...
zero: 0 / hyaku: 100 / sen: 1,000 / man: 10,000
456,789
yon-jū go-man roku-sen nana-hyaku hachi-jū kyū
Basically, you can read any numbers in this way. But there are some irregular pronunciations. For example, 300 is san-byaku (not san-hyaku), 600 is rop-pyaku (not roku-hyaku).
See Numbers page for more details.
Time
Basically, you use "ji" for hours and "fun" for minutes.
For example, 1:25 is ichi-ji ni-jū go-fun.
But there are irregular pronunciations.
For hours, some numbers are pronounced differently.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (o'clock) ichi-ji, ni-ji, san-ji, yo-ji, go-ji, roku-ji, shichi-ji, hachi-ji, ku-ji, jū-ji, jū ichi-ji, jū ni-ji
For minutes, some numbers are pronounced differently and "fun" becomes "pun" in many cases.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 (minutes past) ip-pun, ni-fun, san-pun, yon-pun, go-fun, rop-pun, nana-fun, hap-pun, kyu-fun, jup-pun.
11-19, jū ip-pun, jū ni-fun, jū san-pun, jū yon-pun...
20-59, ni-jup-pun, ni-jū ip-pun, ni-jū ni-fun... san-jup-pun...
ima: now
nan-ji: what time?
gozen: a.m. / gogo: p.m.
asagohan: breakfast
han: half past
kara: from / made: to (till)
shōgo: noon
now, what time?
3:15pm.
Ima, nan-ji desuka?
Gogo, san-ji jūgo-fun desu.
breakfast what time?
from 7:30 to 9:00.
Asagohan wa nan-ji desuka?
Shichi-ji han kara ku-ji made desu.
check-out what time?
noon.
Chekkuauto wa nan-ji desuka?
Shōgo desu.
Date
Basically, you use "gatsu" for months and "nichi" for days.
For example, January 25th is ichi-gatsu ni-jū go-nichi.
But there are irregular pronunciations...
For months, some numbers are pronounced differently.
Jan., Feb., Mar.,
Apr., May, Jun.,
Jul., Aug., Sep.,
Oct., Nov., Dec.
ichi-gatsu, ni-gatsu, san-gatsu,
shi-gatsu, go-gatsu, roku-gatsu,
shichi-gatsu, hachi-gatsu, ku-gatsu,
jū-gatsu, jū ichi-gatsu, jū ni-gatsu
For days, 1st to 10th and 20th are quite different from the usual way. Other days are more straight forward.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 (day)
tsuitachi, futsuka, mikka, yokka,
itsuka, muika, nanoka, yōka,
kokonoka, tōka
tanjōbi: birthday
nan-nen: what year? / nan-gatsu: what month? / nan-nichi: what day?
kekkonshiki: wedding
tsugi no: next
orinpikku: olympics
birthday when?
May 23rd.
Tanjobi wa itsu desuka?
Go-gatsu ni-jū san-nichi desu.
departure which day?
11th.
Shuppatsu wa nan-nichi desuka?
ju-ichi-nichi desu.
wedding which month?
June.
Kekkonshiki wa nan-gatsu desuka?
Roku-gatsu desu.
next olympics what year?
2012.
Tsugi no orinpikku wa nan-nen desuka?
Ni-sen jū ni-nen desu.
Days of the week
Mon., Tue., Wed., Thu., Fri., Sat., Sun.
getsu-yōbi, ka-yōbi, sui-yōbi, moku-yōbi, kin-yōbi, do-yōbi, nichi-yōbi
yesterday, today, tomorrow
kinō, kyō, ashita
last week, this week, next week
senshū, konshū, raishū
yōbi: day of the week
nan-yōbi: which day of the week?
no: of
yasumi: day-off
to: and
today which day?
Monday.
Kyō wa nan-yōbi desuka?
Getsu-yōbi desu.
tomorrow which day?
Tuesday.
Ashita wa nan-yōbi desuka?
Ka-yōbi desu.
next Friday what date?
30th.
Raishū no kin-yobi wa nan-nichi desuka?
San-ju-nichi desu.
day-off which day?
Saturdays and Sundays.
Yasumi wa nan-yobi desuka?
Do-yōbi to nichi-yōbi desu.
Duration
minutes: "fun(kan)" or "pun(kan)". 5 minutes is go-fun or go-funkan.
hours: "jikan". 2 hours is ni-jikan.
days: "ka(kan)" or "nichi(kan)". 3 days is mikka or mikkakan.
weeks: "shūkan". 2 weeks is ni-shukan.
months: "kagetsu(kan)". 4 months is yon-kagetsu or yon-kagetsukan.
years: "nen(kan)". 6 years is roku-nen or roku-nenkan.
1 min., 2 hrs., 3 days, 4 wks, 5 months, 6 years
ip-punkan, ni-jikan, mikkakan, yon-shukan, go-kagetsukan, roku-nen-kan
donokurai: how much (time)
kakarimasu (kakaru): to take
yaku: about / kurai: about
ni imasu (iru): be at, be in
How long does it take?
About 2 weeks.
Donokurai kakarimasuka?
Yaku ni-shūkan desu.
to Kyoto how many hours?
about 3 hours.
Kyōto made nan-jikan kakari masuka?
San-jikan kurai desu.
how many days be in Japan?
18 days.
Nan-nichikan Nihon ni imasuka?
Jū hachi-nichikan desu.
I read books everyday. Mainichi, hon o yomi masu.
Present tense = verb + masu, masuka?, masen
mai: every
mai-nichi: every day / mai-shū: every week
mai-asa: every morning / mai-ban: every night
yomi masu (yomu): to read
mi masu (miru): to watc, to see
oki masu (okiru): to wake up, to get up
ne masu (neru): to sleep, to go to bed
o: comes after the object of the verbs (read, watch, etc.)
ni: at
every Friday watch movies Mai-shū kin-yōbi ni eiga o mi masu.
every morning, at 7 get up Mai-asa shichi-ji ni oki masu.
every night, at what time go to bed?
Mai-ban, nan-ji ni ne masuka?
I went to Kyoto. Kyōto e iki mashita.
Past tense = verb + mashita, mashitaka?, masendeshita
Future tense = same as the present tense
iki masu (iku): to go
ai masu (au): to meet
tabe masu (taberu): to eat
ki masu (kuru): to come
e: to - comes after the object of the verb go.
to: with - comes after the object of the verb meet.
kesa: this morning / konya: tonight
hirugohan: lunch
ga: comes after the subject of the verb come.
this morning met her? Kesa, kanojo to ai mashitaka?
lunch did not eat Hirugohan o tabe masendeshita.
tonight friend will come
Konya, tomodachi ga ki masu.
Yesterday was rain. Kinō wa ame deshita.
Sentenses with the verb "be".
Present & Future: desu, desuka?, dewaarimasen
Past: deshita, deshitaka?, dewaarimasendeshita
-mae: before / -go: after
hare: / kumori: cloudy / ame: rain
han-toshi: half year
tabun: probably
2 hrs before was
Ni-jikan-mae wa hare deshita.
half year before office worker was not Hantoshi-mae wa kaishain dewaarimasendeshita.
after 2 days will be probably cloudy
Futsuka-go wa tabun kumori desu.
I studied Japanese. Nihongo o benkyō shi mashita.
shi masu (suru): do
The verb suru is usually used solely. And in this case, the particle "o" comes after the object.
For example, benkyō o shimasu.: I do study.
But sometimes, a noun together with suru functions as a verb.
For example, benkyō shimasu.: I study.
benkyō (study) suru: to study
ryokō (travel) suru: to travel
sōji (cleaning) suru: to clean
sengetsu: last month / kongetsu: this month / raigetsu: next month
kyonen: last year / kotoshi: this year / rainen: next year
ajia: Asia
heya: room
sakkā: soccor
last year, Asia traveled Kyonen, Ajia o ryokō shi mashita.
last month, didn't clean the room Sengetsu, heya o sōji shi masen deshita.
next month, with friend will play soccor Raigetsu, tomodachi to sakkā o shi masu.
Source:
http://japanese-lesson.com/conversation/basic_japanese/basic01.html