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Definitions
Development: It is a positive growth or change in a country's economic, social, and political aspects.
Economic Development: It is a long-term process in which average income promotes economic welfare by reducing poverty, unemployment, and inequalities in income distribution.
Income is the most common method for measuring development.
Social Development: It includes education, health, and public services.
Political Development: It is only through a democratic political process and hopes, and possibilities can be achieved in real life.
National Development: It refers to the ability of a country to improve the social welfare of the people.
(Or)
It means thinking about the acceptance of ideas by people, benefits reach to a large number of people, fair and just path for all.
Aspects of Development:
Different people have different developmental goals.
Development for one may not be the development for another.
Different developmental goals:
Income
Ample opportunities
Respect
Good standard of living
Satisfaction
Security
Equal treatment
Freedom
Question - 1
Why do different people have different notions of Development?
(Or)
Development for one may be destruction for others. Justify.
Answer:The development of one may be destruction for others as people have different developmental goals.
They seek what is most important for them and fulfil their aspiration.
Example: The establishment of a dam leads to infrastructural development and the generation of electricity.
But at the same time, it may lead to large-scale displacement of people, loss of livelihood, and shelter of people living near the dam.
Hence the construction of a dam may be a development for one but it may also be destruction for others.
Question - 2
What is National Income? Why is it not useful for comparing the level of development in different countries?
Answer:National Income is the total income of the people of the country.
It is not a measure for comparing countries, as each country has a different population.
Comparing with the national income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
Question - 3
Why do we use Averages and what are its limitations?
Answer:We use average incomes for comparing the levels of development of different countries, each of which is that country's income divided by the population.
Average income is also called Per-capita income.
Limitations:
While average income is used by us, it does not tell us anything about how income is distributed among the people or what an average person is likely to earn.
It does not tell us whether a person is rich or poor, it hides the disparities.
Question - 4
What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries?
Answer:Per-capita income or average income is used by the World Bank to classify different countries.
In the World Bank Report 2019, the countries with a per-capita income of $49,300 per annum and above are called high-income or rich countries.
Countries with $2,500 or less are called low-income countries.
The countries with $6,700 per annum are called low-middle-income countries.
India comes under the low-middle-income countries.
Question - 5
In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP to measure development?
Answer:The UNDP uses Human Development Index to measure and compare the development of different countries.
The HDI is the simple way of 3 indices and ranks 191 countries in all.
Length of life is measured by life expectancy.
Education levels are measured by Adult Literacy Rates and gross enrolment rates.
Per-capita income which indicates the purchasing power.
Question - 6
Kerala, with a low per-capita income, has a better HDI than Haryana. Do you agree?
Answer:It is true that per-capita income is not only the criterion behind human development. Factors like Infant Mortality Rate, Literacy Rate, and Net Attendance Ratio are also very crucial for overall development.
By these factors, Kerala is better than Haryana.
However, we are interested only in 2 or more states in terms of production and income generated.
Question - 7
Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people of India. What would be other possibilities 50 years hence?
Answer:The present sources of energy used by the people in India are:
Conventional sources of energy which have been used for quite some time.
Non - Conventional sources of energy which are wind, solar & tidal energy.
Coal and Mineral oils are important sources of energy, but, during the last 3-decades, they have the signs of exhaustion.
If we use these resources continuously, they will not last for more than 40 years. In such a situation, the future of energy-giving resources would be at stake.
Question - 8
Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country?
Answer:Public facilities are essential for social and economic development of individuals.
Without these facilities, people can not achieve their full potential.
They are important for maintaining law and order, cleanliness, quality of life, access and comfort to common men.
These facilities help in bringing up the people and giving opportunities of which they are devoid.
Some Public facilities are roads, railways, water, education and health facilities, electricity, P.D.S., etc.
Question - 9
What is H.D.I.? Name its variables.
Answer:H.D.I. is a tool developed by UNDP, to measure a country's overall achievements in its social and economic dimensions.
The H.D.I. ranks countries on the basis of per-capita income, health of people, their level of education, and standard of living.
The three variables of H.D.I. are long and healthy life, knowledge & skill, and a decent standard of living.
Question - 10
Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer:Once a country reaches a certain level of development, it would like to t achieve even higher levels or at least maintain the present standards.
However, since the second half of the 20th century, several scientists have been warning that the present type and levels of development are not sustainable.
This is because, in our hurry to develop, we overused non-renewable resources and exhausted the stock of non-renewable resources. This has led to land degradation.
Therefore, to ensure that the future generations also have scope to develop. We need to conserve the environment. And, use resources judiciously.
This type of sustainable development ensures development without compromising the needs of future generations.
Question - 11
"The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person. Discuss".
Answer:The above statement by Mahatma Gandhi implies that the Earth has abundant natural resources to satisfy everyone's needs but not anyone's greed.
In the name of development, we have indulged in activities like deforestation, encroachment into forest lands, overgrazing, over usage of water, and indiscriminate use of plastic.
This inconsiderate exploitation not only harms the environment but also compromises the needs of future generations.
Thus, there is a need for conservation and judicious use of resources for development.
Resources are a very important part of life on Earth. Without them, life would be difficult.
Question - 12
Give a few examples of Environmental Degradation.
Answer:Pollution of air, water or land.
Depletion of forest and wildlife resources.
Over-usage of minerals, and non-renewable resources like coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc...
Question - 13
Money can not buy all the goods and services that are needed to live well. Explain.
Answer:Money or material things using which an individual can buy are one factor of life.
But the quality of life also depends upon non-material things like freedom, equality, security, etc...
Money also can not buy a pollution-free environment or unadulterated food, unadulterated medicines, protection from infectious diseases or other diseases.
It is a community, society, and government that need to make provisions to provide all eh things mentioned above.
Question - 14
Define the following terms:
Infant Mortality Rate
Net Attendance Ratio
Life Expectancy
Literacy Rate
Gross Enrolment Ratio
Body Mass Index
Infant Mortality Rate: The number of children who died before the age of one year in the proportion of 1000 alive children in that particular year.
Net Attendance Ratio: It is the total number of children of age group 14-15 attending schools as a percentage of the total number of students of the same age.
Life Expectancy: It is the average expected length of life of a person calculated at the time of his/her birth.
Literacy Rate: The proportion of the literate population of the age group of 7 and above.
Gross Enrolment Ratio: Enrolment ratio for primary, secondary, and higher education.
Body Mass Index: BMI is equal to the ratio of the Weight of an individual in Kilograms to his/her Height² in m².
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