Microphone types: Dynamic vs. Condensor
Cable Types: unbalanced (TS), balanced (TRS, XLR)
Audio Interface: Standalone vs. USB microphones
Recording software: Audacity, Garageband, Reaper, Ardour, Mixbus, Logic, Pro Tools
Podcast hosting: Soundcloud, Buzzsprout, Transistor.fm
Sound absorbing panels: Moving blankets, quilts, pillows, Bonded Logic recycled denim panels, O.C. 703 Rigid Fiberglass Panels
Resources:
Looperman: Royalty free music loops
Freesound database (collaborative database of Creative Commons Licensed Sounds)