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LXII. HIS LIFE ON THE FARM
Huius vîllae Dâvus, servus Mârcî, est vîlicus1 et cum Lesbiâ uxôre omnia cûrat. Vîlicus et uxor in casâ humilî, mediîs in agrîs sitâ, habitant. Â prîmâ lûce ûsque ad vesperum sê2 gravibus labôribus exercent ut omnî rês bene gerant.3 Plûrima enim sunt officia Dâvî et Lesbiae. Vîlicus servôs regit nê tardî sint4; mittit aliôs quî agrôs arent,4 aliôs quî hortôs inrigent,4 et opera in5 tôtum diem impônit. Lesbia autem omnibus vestîmenta parat, cibum coquit, pânem facit.
[Illustration: Roman cottage
Caption: CASA ROMANA]
Nôn longê ab hôrum casâ et in summô colle situm surgêbat domicilium ipsîus dominî dominaeque amplissimum. Ibi plûrîs annôs6 Pûblius cum mâtre vîtam fêlîcem agêbat; nam pater eius, Mârcus, in terrîs longinquîs gravia reî pûblicae bella gerêbat nec domum7 revertî poterat. Neque puerô quidem molestum est rûrî8 vîvere. Eum multae rês dêlectant. Magnopere amat silvâs, agrôs, equôs, bovês, gallînâs, avîs, reliquaque animâlia. Saepe plûrîs hôrâs9ad mare sedet quô9 melius fluctûs et nâvîs spectet. Nec omnînô sine comitibus erat, quod L[y]dia, Dâvî fîlia, quae erat eiusdem aetâtis, cum eô adhûc infante lûdêbat, inter quôs cum annîs amîcitia crêscêbat. L[y]dia nûllum alium ducem dêligêbat et Pûblius ab puellae latere rârô discêdêbat. Itaque sub clârô Italiae sôle Pûblius et L[y]dia, amîcî fidêlissimî, per campôs collîsque cotîdiê vagâbantur. Modo in silvâ fînitimâ lûdebant ubi Pûblius sagittîs10celeribus avis dêiciêbat et L[y]dia corônîs variôrum flôrum comâs suâs ôrnâbat; modo aquam et cibum portâbant ad Dâvum servôsque dêfessôs quî agrôs colêbant: modo in casâ parvâ aut hôrâs lactâs in lûdô cônsûmêbant aut auxilium dabant Lesbiae, quae cibum virô et servîs parâbat vel aliâs rês domesticâs agêbat.
1. The vîlicus was a slave who acted as overseer of a farm. He directed the farming operations and the sale of the produce.
2. se, reflexive pron., object of exercent.
3. For the construction, see § 501. 40.
4. in, for.
5. annôs, § 501. 21.
6. domum, § 501. 20.
7. rûrî, § 501. 36. 1.
8. hôrâs, cf. annôs, line 17.
9. quô ... spectet, §§ 349, 350.
10. sagittis, § 501. 24.
LXIII. MARCUS LENTULUS, THE FATHER OF PUBLIUS, IS SHIPWRECKED · JULIA RECEIVES A LETTER FROM HIM
Iam Pûblius1 decem annôs habêbat cum M. Cornêlius Lentulus, pater eius, quî quînque annôs2 grave bellum in Asiâ gerêbat, non sine glôriâ domum3revertêbâtur. Namque multa secunda proelia fêcerat, maximâs hostium côpiâs dêlêverat, multâs urbîs populo4 Rômânô inimîcâs cêperat. Primum nûntius pervênit quî â Lentulô5 missus erat6 ut profectiônem suam nûntiâret. Deinde plûrîs diês7 reditum virî optimî mâter fîliusque exspectâbant et animîs8sollicitis deôs immortâlîs frûstrâ colêbant. Tum dêmum hâs litterâs summo cum gaudiô accêpêrunt:
9"Mârcus Iûliae suac salûtem dîcit. Sî valês, bene est; ego valeô. Ex Graeciâ, quô10 praeter spem et opîniônem hodiê pervênî, hâs litterâs ad tê scribô. Namque nâvis nostra frâcta est; nôs autem—11dîs est gratia—incolumes sumus. Ex Asiae12 portû nâvem lênî ventô solvimus. Postquam13 altum mare tenuimus 14nec iam ûllae terrae appâruêrunt, caelum undique et undique fluctûs, subitô magna tempestâs coorta est et nâvem vehementissimê adflîxit. Ventîs fluctibusque adflîctâtî15 nec sôlem discernere nec cursum tenêre poterâmus et omnia praesentem mortem intentâbant. Trîs diês16 et trîs noctîs16sine rêmîs vêlîsque agimur. Quârtô diê17 prîmum terra vîsa est et violenter in saxa, quae nôn longê â lîtore aberant, dêiectî sumus. Tum vêrô maiôra perîcula timêbâmus; sed nauta quîdam, vir fortissimus, ex nâve in fluctûs îrâtôs dêsiluit 18ut fûnem ad lîtus portâret; quam rem summô labôre vix effêcit. Ita omnês servâtî sumus. Grâtiâs igitur et honôrem Neptûnô dêbêmus, quî deus nôs ê perîculô êripuit. Nunc Athênîs19 sum, quô cônfûgî ut mihi paucâs hôrâs ad quiêtem darem.20 Quam prîmum autem aliam nâvem condûcam ut iter ad Italiam reliquum cônficiam et domum21 ad meôs cârôs revertar. Salûtâ nostrum Pûblium amîcissimê et valêtûdinem tuam cûrâ dîligenter. 22Kalendîs Mârtiîs."
1. was ten years old.
2. annôs, § 501. 21.
3. domum, § 501. 20.
4. populô, dat. with inimîcâs, cf. § 501. 16.
5. Lentulô, § 501. 33.
6. ut ... nûntiâret, § 501. 40.
7. diês, cf. annôs, 1. 9.
8. animîs, abl. of manner. Do you see one in line 15?
9. This is the usual form for the beginning of a Latin letter. First we have the greeting, and then the expression Sî valês, etc. The date of the letter is usually given at the end, and also the place of writing, if not previously mentioned in the letter.
10. quô, where.
11. dîs est grâtia, thank God, in our idiom.
12. Asia refers to the Roman province of that name in Asia Minor.
13. altum mare tenuimus, we were well out to sea.
14. nec iam, and no longer.
16. adflîctâtî, perf. passive part. tossed about.
16. What construction?
17. diê, § 501. 35.
18. ut ... portâret, § 501. 40.
19. Athênîs, § 501. 36. 1.
20. darem, cf. portâret, l. 6.
21. Why not ad domum?
22. Kalendîs Mârtiîs, the Calends or first of March; abl. of time, giving the date of the letter.
LXIV. LENTULUS REACHES HOME · PUBLIUS VISITS POMPEII WITH HIS FATHER
Post paucôs diês nâvis M. Cornêlî Lentulî portum Mîsênî1 petiit, quî portus nôn longê â Pompêiîs situs est; quô in portû classis Rômânâ pônêbâtur et ad pugnâs nâvâlîs ôrnâbâtur. Ibi nâvês omnium generum cônspicî poterant. Iamque incrêdibilî celeritâte nâvis longa quâ Lentulus vehêbâtur lîtorî adpropinquâvit; nam nôn sôlum ventô sed etiam rêmîs impellêbâtur. In altâ puppe stâbat gubernâtor et nôn procul aliquî mîlitês Rômânî cum armîs splendidîs, inter quôs clârissimus erat Lentulus. Deinde servî rêmîs contendere cessâvêrunt2; nautae vêlum contrâxêrunt et ancorâs iêcêrunt. Lentulus statim ê nâvî êgressus est et3 ad villam suam properâvit. Eum Iûlia, Pûblius, tôtaque familia excêpêrunt. 4Quî complexûs, quanta gaudia fuêrunt!
Postrîdiê eius diêî Lentulus fîliô suô dîxit, "Venî, mî Pûblî, mêcum. Pompêiôs iter hodiê faciam. Mâter tua suâdet5 ut frûctûs et cibâria emam. Namque plûrîs amîcôs ad cênam vocâvimus et multîs rêbus6 egêmus. Ea hortâtur ut quam prîmum proficîscâmur." "Libenter, mî pater," inquit Pûblius. "Têcum esse mihi semper est grâtum; nec Pompêiôs umquam vîdî. Sine morâ proficîscî parâtus sum." Tum celeriter currum cônscendêrunt et ad urbis mûrôs vectî sunt. Stabiânâ portâ7 urbem ingressî sunt. Pûblius strâtâs viâs mîrâtur et saxa altiôra quae in mediô disposita erant et altâs orbitâs quâs rotae inter haec saxa fêcerant. Etiam strepitum mîrâtur, multitûdinem, carrôs, fontîs, domôs, tabernâs, forum8 cum statuîs, templîs, reliquîsque aedificiîs pûblicîs.
1. Misenum had an excellent harbor, and under the emperor Augustus became the chief naval station of the Roman fleet. See map of Italy.
2. Why is the infinitive used with cessâvêrunt?
3. See Plate I, Frontispiece.
4. Observe that these words are exclamatory.
5. What construction follows suâdeô? § 501. 41.
6. rêbus, § 501. 32.
7. This is the abl. of the way by which motion takes place, sometimes called the abl. of route. The construction comes under the general head of the abl. of means. For the scene here described, see Plate II, p. 53, and notice especially the stepping-stones for crossing the street (saxa quae in mediô disposita erant).
8. The forum of Pompeii was surrounded by temples, public halls, and markets of various sorts. Locate Pompeii on the map.
LXV. A DAY AT POMPEII
Apud forum ê currû dêscendêrunt et Lentulus dîxit, "Hîc sunt multa tabernârum genera, mî Pûblî. Ecce, trâns viam est popîna! 1Hoc genus tabernârum cibâria vêndit. Frûctûs quoque ante iânuam stant. Ibi cibâria mea emam." "Optimê," respondit Pûblius. "At ubi, mî pater, crûstula emere possumus? Namque mâter nôbîs imperâvit 2ut haec quoque parârêmus. Timeô ut3 ista popîna vêndat crûstula." "Bene dîcis," inquit Lentulus. "At nônne vidês illum fontem â dextrâ ubi aqua per leônis caput fluit? In illô ipsô locô est taberna pîstôris quî sine dubiô vêndit crûstula."
Brevî tempore4 omnia erant parâta, iamque 5quînta hôra erat. Deinde Lentulus et fîlius ad caupônam properâvêrunt, quod famê6 et sitî7 urgêbantur. Ibi sub arboris umbrâ sêdêrunt et puerô imperâvêrunt ut sibi8 cibum et vînum daret. Huic imperiô9 puer celeriter pâruit. Tum laetî sê10 ex labôre refêcêrunt.
Post prandium prefectî sunt ut alia urbis spectâcula vidêrent. Illô tempore fuêrunt Pompêiîs11 multa templa, duo theâtra, thermae magnumque amphitheâtrum, quae omnia post paucôs annôs flammîs atque incendiîs Vesuvî et terrae môtû dêlêta sunt. Ante hanc calamitâtem autem hominês 1nihil dê monte veritî sunt. In amphitheâtrô quidem Pûblius morârî cupîvit ut spectâcula gladiâtôria vidêret, quae in13 illum ipsum diem prôscrîpta erant et iam 15rê vêrâ incêperant. Sed Lentulus dîxit, "Morârî, Pûblî, 16vereor ut possîmus. Iam decima hôra est et via est longa. Tempus suâdet ut quam prîmum domum revertâmur." Itaque servô imperâvit ut equôs iungeret, et sôlis occâsû16 ad vîllam pervênêrunt.
1. We say, this kind of shop; Latin, this kind of shops.
2. ut ... parârêmus, § 501. 41.
3. How is ut translated after a verb of fearing? How nê? Cf. § 501. 42.
4. tempore, § 501. 35.
5. quînta hôra. The Romans numbered the hours of the day consecutively from sunrise to sunset, dividing the day, whether long or short, into twelve equal parts.
6. famê shows a slight irregularity in that the abl. ending -e is long.
7. sitis, thirst, has -im in the acc. sing., -î in the abl. sing., and no plural.
8. Observe that the reflexive pronoun sibi does not here refer to the subject of the subordinate clause in which it stands, but to the subject of the main clause. This so-called indirect use of the reflexive is often found in object clauses of purpose.
9. What case? Cf. § 501. 14.
10. sê, cf. p. 205, l. 7, and note.
11. Pompêiîs, § 501. 36. 1.
12. nihil ... veritî sunt, had no fears of the mountain.
13. in, for.
14. rê vêrâ, in fact.
15. vereor ut, § 501. 42.
16. occâsû, § 501. 35.
LXVI. LENTULUS ENGAGES A TUTOR FOR HIS SON
 prîmîs annîs quidem Iûlia ipsa fîlium suum docuerat, et Pûblius nôn sôlum 1pûrê et Latînê loquî poterat sed etiam commodê legêbat et scrîbêbat. Iam Ennium2 aliôsque poêtâs lêgerat. Nunc vêrô Pûblius 3duodecim annôs habêbat; itaque eî pater bonum magistrum, 4virum omnî doctrînâ et virtûte ôrnâtissimum, parâvit, 5quî Graeca, mûsicam, aliâsque artîs docêret. 6Namque illîs temporibus omnês ferê gentês Graecê loquêbantur. Cum Pûbliô aliî puerî, Lentulî amîcôrum fîliî,7 discêbant. Nam saepe apud Rômânôs môs erat 8nôn in lûdum fîliôs mittere sed domî per magistrum docêre. Cotîdiê discipulî cum magistrô in perist[y]lô9 Mârcî domûs sedêbant. Omnês puerî bullam auream, orîginis honestae signum, in collô gerêbant, et omnês togâ praetextâ amictî erant, 10quod nôndum sêdecim annôs11 nâtî sunt.
1. pûrê ... poterat, freely, could speak Latin well. What is the literal translation?
2. Ennium, the father of Latin poetry.
3. duodecim ... habêbat, cf. p. 206, l. 8, and note.
4. virum, etc., a very well-educated and worthy man. Observe the Latin equivalent.
5. quî ... docêret, a relative clause of purpose. Cf. §§ 349, 350.
6. In Cæsar's time Greek was spoken more widely in the Roman world than any other language.
7. fîliî, in apposition with puerî.
8. nôn ... mittere. This infinitive clause is the subject of erat. Cf. § 216. The same construction is repeated in the next clause, domî ... docêre. The object of docêre is fîliôs understood.
9. The peristyle was an open court surrounded by a colonnade.
10. At the age of sixteen a boy laid aside the bulla and the toga praetexta and assumed toga virîlis or manly gown.
11. annôs, § 501. 21. The expression nôndum sêdecim annôs nâtî sunt means literally, they were born not yet sixteen years. This is the usual expression for age. What is the English equivalent?
SCENE IN SCHOOL · AN EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION
[Illustration: woman with tablet and stylus
Caption: TABULA ET STILUS]
Discipulî. Salvê, magister.
Magister. Vôs quoque omnês, salvête. 1Tabulâsne portâvistis et stilôs?
D. Portâvimus.
M. Iam fâbulam Aesôpî2 discêmus. Ego legam, vôs in tabulîs scrîbite. Et tû, Pûblî, dâ mihi ê capsâ3 Aesôpî volûmen.4 Iam audîte omnês: Vulpês et Ûva.
Vulpês ôlim famê coâcta ûvam dêpendentem vîdit. Ad ûvam saliêbat, sûmere cônâns. Frûstrâ diû cônâta, tandem îrâta erat et salîre cessâns dîxit: "Illa ûva est acerba; acerbam ûvam 5nihil moror."
Omnia´ne scrîpsistis, puerî?
D. Omnia, magister.
1. Tablets were thin boards of wood smeared with wax. The writing was done with a stylus, a pointed instrument like a pencil, made of bone or metal, with a knob at the other end. The knob was used to smooth over the wax in making erasures and corrections.
2. Aesôpî, the famous Greek to whom are ascribed most of the fables current in the ancient world.
3. A cylindrical box for holding books and papers, shaped like a hatbox.
4. Ancient books were written on rolls made of papy´rus.
5. nihil moror, I care nothing for.
LXVII. PUBLIUS GOES TO ROME TO FINISH HIS EDUCATION
Iamque Pûblius, 1quîndecim annôs nâtus, 2prîmîs litterârum elementîs cônfectîs, Rômam petere voluit ut scholâs grammaticôrum et philosophôrum frequentâret. Et facillimê patrî3 suô, qui ipse philosophiae studiô tenêbâtur, persuâsit. Itaque 4omnibus rêbus ad profectiônem comparâtîs, pater fîliusque equîs animôsîs vectî5 ad magnam urbem profectî sunt. Eôs proficîscentîs Iûlia tôtaque familia vôtîs precibusque prôsecûtae sunt. Tum per loca6 plâna et collis silvîs vestîtôs viam ingressî sunt ad Nôlam, quod oppidum eôs hospitiô modicô excêpit. Nôlae7 duâs hôrâs morâtî sunt, quod sôl merîdiânus ârdêbat. Tum rêctâ viâ8 circiter vîgintî mîlia9 passuum9 Capuam,9 ad însignem Campâniae urbem, contendêrunt. Eô10 multâ nocte dêfessî pervênêrunt. 11Postrîdiê eius diêî, somnô et cibô recreâtî, Capuâ discessêrunt et 13viam Appiam ingressî, quae Capuam tangit et ûsque ad urbem Rômam dûcit, ante merîdiem Sinuessam pervênêrunt, quod oppidum tangit mare. Inde prîmâ lûce proficîscentês Formiâs13 properâvêrunt, ubi Cicerô, ôrâtor clarissimus, quî forte apud vîllam suam erat, eôs benignê excêpit. Hinc 14itinere vîgintî quînque mîlium passuum factô, Tarracînam, oppidum in saxîs altissimîs situm, vîdêrunt. Iamque nôn longê aberant palûdês magnae, quae multa mîlia passuum undique patent. Per eâs pedestris via est gravis et in nâve viâtôrês vehuntur. Itaque15equîs relictîs Lentulus et Pûblius nâvem cônscendêrunt, et, ûnâ nocte in trânsitû cônsûmptâ, Forum Appî vênêrunt. Tum brevî tempore Arîcia eôs excêpit. Hoc oppidum, in colle situm, ab urbe Româ sêdecim mîlia passuum abest. Inde dêclivis via ûsque ad latum campum dûcit ubi Rôma stat. Quem ad locum ubi Pûblius vênit et Rômam adhûc remôtam, maximam tôtîus orbis terrârum urbem, cônspêxit, summâ admîrâtiône et gaudiô adfectus est. Sine morâ dêscendêrunt, et, mediô intervâllô quam celerrimê superâtô, urbem portâ Capênâ ingressî sunt.
1. quîndecim, etc., cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.
2. prîmîs ... cônfectîs, abl. abs. Cf. § 501. 28.
3. patrî, dat. with persuâsit.
4. omnibus ... comparâtîs, cf. note 2.
5. vectî, perf. pass. part. of vehô.
6. What is there peculiar about the gender of this word?
7. Nôlae, locative case, § 501. 36.2.
8. viâ, cf. portâ, p. 208, l. 7, and note.
9. What construction?
10. Eô, adv. there.
11. Postrîdiê eius diêî, on the next day.
12. viam Appiam, the most famous of all Roman roads, the great highway from Rome to Tarentum and Brundisium, with numerous branches. Locate on the map the various towns that are mentioned in the lines that follow.
13. Formiâs, Formiæ, one of the most beautiful spots on this coast, and a favorite site for the villas of rich Romans.
14. itinere ... factô, abl. abs. The gen. mîlium modifies itinere.
15. equîs relictîs. What construction? Point out a similar one in the next line.
LXVIII. PUBLIUS PUTS ON THE TOGA VIRILIS
[Illustration: Bulla
Caption: BULLA]
Pûblius iam tôtum annum Rômae morâbâtur1 multaque urbis spectâcula vîderat et multôs sibi2 amîcôs parâverat. Eî3 omnês favêbant; 4dê eô omnês bene spêrâre poterant. Cotîdiê Pûblius scholas philosophôrum et grammaticôrum tantô studiô frequentâbat 5ut aliîs clârum exemplum praebêret. Saepe erat cum patre in cûriâ6; quae rês effêcit 7ut summôs reî pûblicae virôs et audîret et vidêret. Ubi 8sêdecim annôs natus est, bullam9 auream et togam praetextam môre Rômânô dêposuit atque virîlem togam sûmpsit. Virîlis autem toga erat omnînô alba, sed praetexta clâvum purpureum in margine habêbat.10Dêpônere togam praetextam et sûmere togam virîlem erat rês grâtissima puerô Rômânô, quod posteâ vir et cîvis Rômânus habêbâtur.
11Hîs rêbus gestîs Lentulus ad uxôrem suam hâs litterâs scrîpsit:
12"Mârcus Iûliae suae salûtem dîcit. Sî valês, bene est; ego valeô. Accêpî tuâs litterâs. Hâs nunc Rômâ per servum fidêlissimum mittô ut dê Pûbliô nostrô quam celerrimê sciâs. Nam hodiê eî togam virîlem dedî. Ante lucem surrêxî13 et prîmum bullam auream dê collô eius remôvî. Hâc Laribus14 cônsecrâtâ et sacrîs factîs, eum togâ virîlî vestîvî. Interim plûrês amîcî cum multitûdine optimôrum cîvium et honestôrum clientium pervênerant 15quî Pûblium domô in forum dêdûcerent. Ibi in cîvitâtem receptus est et nômen, Pûblius Cornêlius Lentulus, apud cîvîs Rômânôs ascrîptum est. Omnês eî amîcissimî fuêrunt et magna16 de eô praedîcunt. Sapientior enim aequâlibus17 est et magnum ingenium habet. 18Cûrâ ut valeâs."
1. morâbâtur, translate as if pluperfect.
2. sibi, for himself.
3. Eî, why dat.?
4. dê ... poterant, in English, all regarded him as a very promising youth; but what does the Latin say?
5. ut ... praebêret, § 501. 43.
6. cûriâ, a famous building near the Roman Forum.
7. ut ... audîret et vidêret, § 501. 44.
8. sêdecim, etc., cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.
9. bullam, cf. p. 210, l. 3, and note 4.
10. These infinitive clauses are the subject of erat. Cf. § 216.
11. Hîs rêbus gestîs, i.e. the assumption of the toga virilis and attendant ceremonies.
12. Compare the beginning of this letter with the one on page 206.
13. surrêxî, from surgô.
14. The Lares were the spirits of the ancestors, and were worshiped as household gods. All that the house contained was confided to their care, and sacrifices were made to them daily.
15. quî ... dêdûcerent, § 350.
16. magna, great things, a neuter adj. used as a noun.
17. aequâlibus, § 501. 34.
18. Cûrâ ut valeâs, take good care of your health. How does the Latin express this idea?
LXIX. PUBLIUS JOINS CÆSAR'S ARMY IN GAUL
Pûblius iam adulêscêns postquam togam virîlem sûmpsit, aliîs rêbus studêre incêpit et praesertim ûsû1 armôrum sê2 dîligenter exercuit. Magis magisque amâvit illâs artîs quae mîlitârem animum dêlectant. Iamque erant 3quî eî cursum mîlitârem praedîcerent. Nec sine causâ, quod certê patris îsigne exemplum 4ita multum trahêbat. 5Paucîs ante annîs C. Iûlius Caesar, ducum Rômânôrum maximus, cônsul creâtus erat et hôc tempore in Galliâ bellum grave gerêbat. Atque in exercitû eius plûrês adulêscentês mîlitâbant, apud quôs erat amîcus quîdam Pûblî. Ille Pûblium crêbrîs litterîs vehementer hortâbâtur 6ut iter in Galliam faceret. Neque Pûblius recûsâvit, et, multîs amîcîs ad portam urbis prôsequentibus, ad Caesaris castra profectus est. Quârtô diê postquam iter ingressus est, ad Alpîs, montîs altissimôs, pervênit. Hîs summâ difficultâte superâtîs, tandem Gallôrum in fînibus erat. Prîmô autem veritus est ut7 castrîs Rômânîs adpropinquâre posset, quod Gallî, maximîs côpiîs coâctîs, Rômânôs obsidêbant et viâs omnîs iam clauserant. Hîs rêbus commôtus Pûblius vestem Gallicam induit nê â Gallîs caperêtur, et ita per hostium côpiâs incolumis ad castra pervenîre potuit. Intrâ mûnîtiônes acceptus, â Caesare benignê exceptus est. Imperâtor fortem adulêscentem amplissimîs verbîs laudâvit et eum 8tribûnum mîlîtum creâvit.
1. Abl. of means.
2. sê, reflexive object of exercuit.
3. quî ... praedîcerent, § 501. 45.
4. ita multum trahêbat, had a great influence in that direction.
5. Paucîs ante annîs, a few years before; in Latin, before by a few years, ante being an adverb and annîs abl. of degree of difference.
6. ut ... faceret, § 501. 41.
7. ut, how translated here? See § 501. 42.
8. The military tribune was a commissioned officer nearly corresponding to our rank of colonel. The tribunes were often inexperienced men, so Cæsar did not allow them much responsibility.
[Illustration: military baggage
Caption: IMPEDIMENTA]
HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED
Exercitus quî in hostium fînibus bellum genit multîs perîcuîs circumdatus est. 1Quae perîcula ut vîtâret, Rômâni summam cûram adhîbêre solêbant. Adpropinquanteês côpiîs hostium agmen ita dispônêbant 2ut imperâtor ipse cum plâribus legiônibus expedîtîs3 prîmum agmen dûceret. Post eâs côpiâs impedîmenta4 tôtîus exercitûs conlocâbant. 5Tum legiônês quae proximê cônscrîptae erant tôtum agmen claudêbant. Equitês quoque in omnîs partîs dîmittêbantur quî loca explôrârent; et centuriônês praemittêbantur ut locum castrîs idôneum dêligerent. Locus habêbatur idôneus castrîs 6quî facile dêfendî posset et prope aquam esset. Quâ dê causâ castra7 in colle ab utrâque parte arduô, â fronte lêniter dêclîvî saepe pônêbantur; vel locus palûdibus cînctus vel in flûminis rîpîs situs dêligêbâtur. Ad locum postquam exercitus pervênit, aliî mîlitum 8in armîs erant, aliî castra mûnîre incipiêbant. Nam 9quô tûtiôrês ab hostibus mîlitês essent, nêve incautî et imparâtî opprimerentur, castra fossâ lâtâ et vâllô altô mûniêbant. In castrîs portae quattuor erant ut êruptiô mîlitum omnîs in partîs fierî posset. In angulîs castrôrum erant turrês dê quibus têla in hostîs coniciêbantur. 10Tâlibus in castrîs quâlia dêscrîpsimus Pûblius â Caesare exceptus est.
1. Quae perîcula, object of vîtârent. It is placed first to make a proper connection with the preceding sentence.
2. ut ... dûceret, § 501. 43.
3. expedîtîs, i.e. without baggage and ready for action.
4. impedîmenta. Much of the baggage was carried in carts and on beasts of burden, as is shown above; but, besides this, each soldier (unlessexpedîtus) carried a heavy pack. See also picture, p. 159.
5. The newest legions were placed in the rear, because they were the least reliable.
6. quî ... posset ... esset, § 501. 45.
7. castra, subject of pônêbantur.
8. in armîs erant, stood under arms.
9. quô ... essent. When is quô used to introduce a purpose clause? See § 350. I.
10. Tâlibus in castrîs quâlia, in such a camp as. It is important to remember the correlatives tâlis ... quâlis, such ... as.
LXX. THE RIVAL CENTURIONS
[Illustration: centurion
Caption: CENTURIO]
Illîs in castrîs erant duo centuriônês,1 fortissimî virî, T. Pullô et L. Vorênus, quôrum neuter alterî virtûte2 cêdere volêbat. Inter eôs iam multôs annôs înfênsum certâmen gerêbâtur. Tum dêmum fînis contrôversiae hôc modô3 factus est. Diê tertiô postquam Pûblius pervênit, hostês, maiôribus côpiîs coâctîs, âcerrimum impetum in castra fêcêrunt. Tum Pullô, 4cum Rômânî tardiôrês5 vidêrentur, "Cûr dubitâs," inquit, "Vorêne? Quam commodiôrem occâsiônem exspectâs? Hic diês dê virtûte nostrâ iûdicâbit." Haec6 cum dîxisset, extrâ mûnîtiônês prôcessit et in eam hostium partem quae côfertissima7vidêbâtur inrûpit. Neque Vorênus quidem tum vâllô8 sêsê continet, sed Pullônem subsequitur. Tum Pullô pîlum in hostîs immittit atque ûnum ex multitûdine prôcurrentem trâicit. Hunc percussum et exanimâtum hostês scûtîs prôtegunt et in Pullônem omnês têla coniciunt. Eius scûtum trânsfîgitur et têlum in balteô dêfîgitur. Hic câsus vâgînam âvertit et dextram manum eius gladium êdûcere cônantis9 morâtur. Eum ita impedîtum hostês circumsistunt.
Tum vêro 10eî labôrantî Vorênus, cum sit inimîcus, tamen auxilium dat. Ad hunc cônfestim 11â Pullône omnis multitûdô sê convertit. Gladiô comminus pugnat Vorênus, atque, ûnô interfectô, reliquôs paulum prôpellit. Sed înstâns cupidius12 înfêlîx, 13pede sê fallente, concidit.
Huic rûrsus circumventô auxilium dat Pullô, atque ambô incolumês, plûribus interfectîs, summâ cum laude intrâ mûnîtiônês sê recipiunt. Sic inimîcôrum alter alterî auxilium dedit nec de eôrum virtûte quisquam iûdicâre potuit.
1. A centurion commanded a company of about sixty men. He was a common soldier who had been promoted from the ranks for his courage and fighting qualities. The centurions were the real leaders of the men in battle. There were sixty of them in a legion. The centurion in the picture (p. 216) has in his hand a staff with a crook at one end, the symbol of his authority.
2. virtûte, § 501. 30.
3. Abl. of manner.
4. cum ... vidêrentur, § 501. 46.
5. tardiôrês, too slow, a not infrequent translation of the comparative degree.
6. Haec, obj. of dîxisset. It is placed before cum to make a close connection with the preceding sentence. What is the construction ofdîxisset?
7. vidêbatur, inrûpit. Why is the imperfect used in one case and the perfect in the other? Cf. § 190.
8. vâllô, abl. of means, but in English we should say within the rampart. Cf. ingentî stabulô, p. 201, l. 13, and note.
9. cônantis, pres. part. agreeing with eius.
10. eî labôrantî, indir. obj. of dat.
11. â Pullône, from Pullo, abl. of separation.
12. cupidius, too eagerly.
13. pede sê fallente, lit. the foot deceiving itself; in our idiom, his foot slipping.
LXXI. THE ENEMY BESIEGING THE CAMP ARE REPULSED
Cum iam sex hôrâs pugnatum esset1 ac nôn sôlum vîrês sed etiam têla Rômânôs dêficerent1, atque hostês âcrius instârent,1 et vâllum scindere fossamque complêre incêpissent,1 Caesar, vir reî mîlitâris perîtissimus, suîs imperâvit ut proelium paulisper intermitterent,2 et, signô datô, ex castrîs êrumperent.23Quod iussî sunt faciunt, et subitô ex omnibus portîs êrumpunt. Atque tam celeriter mîlitês concurrêrunt et tam propinquî erant hostês4 ut spatium pîla coniciendî5 nôn darêtur. Itaque reiectîs pîlîs 6comminus gladiîs pugnâtum est. Diû et audâcter hostês restitêrunt et in extrêmâ spê salûtis tantam virtûtem praestitêrunt ut â dextrô cornû vehementer 7multitûdine suôrum aciem Rômanam premerent. 8Id imperâtor cum animadvertisset, Pûblium adulêscentem cum equitâtû mîsit quî labôrantibus9 auxilium daret. Eius impetum sustinêre nôn potuêrunt hostês10 et omnês terga vertêrunt. Eôs in fugam datôs Pûblius subsecûtus est ûsque ad flûmen Rhênum, quod ab eô locô quînque mîlia passuum aberat. Ibi paucî salûtem sibi repperêrunt. Omnibus reliquîs interfectîs, Pûblius et equitês in castra sêsê recêpêrunt. Dê hâc calamitâte fînitimae gentês cum certiôrês factae essent, ad Caesarem lêgâtôs mîsêrunt et sê suaque omnia dêdidêrunt.
1. pugnâtum esset, dêficerent, înstârent, incêpissent. These are all subjunctives with cum. Cf. § 501. 46.
2. intermitterent, êrumperent. What use of the subjunctive?
3. Quod, etc., they do as ordered. The antecedent of quod is id understood, which would be the object of faciunt.
4. ut ... darêtur. Is this a clause of purpose or of result?
5. coniciendî, § 402.
6. comminus gladiîs pugnâtum est, a hand-to-hand conflict was waged with swords.
7. multitûdine suôrum, by their numbers. suôrum is used as a noun. What is the literal translation of this expression?
8. Id imperâtor. Id is the obj. and imperâtor the subj. of animadvertisset.
9. labôrantibus. This participle agrees with iîs understood, the indir. obj. of daret; qui ... daret is a purpose clause, § 501. 40.
10. hostês, subj. of potuêrunt.
LXXII. PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY · ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS
Initâ aestâte Caesar litterîs certior fîêbat et per explôrâtôrês cognôscêbat plûrîs cîvitâtês Galliae novîs rêbus studêre,1 et contrâ populum Rômânum coniûrâre1 obsidêsque 2inter sê dare,1 atque cum hîs Germânôs quôsdam quoque sêsê coniûnctûrôs esse.1 Hîs litterîs nûntiîsque commôtus Caesar cônstituit quam celerrimê in Gallôs proficîscî,3 ut eôs inopînantîs opprimeret, et Labiênum lêgâtum cum duâbus legiônibus peditum et duôbus mîlibus equitum in Germânôs mittere.3 4Itaque rê frûmentâriâ comparâtâ castra môvit. Ab utrôque5 rês bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fînîs pervênit ut spatium 6côpiâs côgendî nôn darêtur7; et Labiênus dê Germânîs tam grave supplicium sûmpsit ut nêmô ex eâ gente in reliquum tempus Gallîs auxilium dare audêret.7
Hoc iter in Germâniam Pûblius quoque fêcit et, 8cum ibi morârêtur, multa mîrâbilia vîdit. Praesertim vêrô ingentem silvam mîrâbâtur, quae tantae magnitûdinis esse dîcêbâtur 9ut nêmô eam trânsîre posset, nec quisquam scîret aut initium aut fînem. Quâ dê rê plûra cognôverat â mîlite quôdam quî ôlim captus â Germânîs multôs annôs ibi incoluit. Ille10 dê silvâ dîcêns, "Înfînîtae magnitûdinis est haec silva," inquit; "nee quisquam est 11huius Germâniae12quî initium eius sciat aut ad fînem adierit. Nâscuntur illîc multa tâlia animâlium genera quâlia reliquîs in locîs nôn inveniuntur. Sunt bovês quî ûnum13cornû habent; sunt etiam animâlia quae appellantur alcês. Hae nûllôs crûrum14 articulôs habent. Itaque, sî forte concidêrunt, sêsê êrigere nûllô modô possunt. Arborês habent prô15 cubîlibus; ad eâs sê applicant atque ita reclînâtae quiêtem capiunt. Tertium est genus eôrum quî ûrî appellantur. Hî sunt paulô minôrês elephantîs.16 Magna vis eôrum est et magna vêlôcitâs. Neque hominî neque ferae parcunt.17"
1. Observe that all these infinitives are in indirect statements after certior fîêbat, he was informed, and cognôscêbat, he learned. Cf.§ 501.48, 49.
2. inter sê, to each other.
3. proficîscî, mittere. These infinitives depend upon cônstituit.
4. Before beginning a campaign, food had to be provided. Every fifteen days grain was distributed. Each soldier received about two pecks. This he carried in his pack, and this constituted his food, varied occasionally by what he could find by foraging.
5. Abl. of personal agent, § 501. 33.
6. côpiâs côgendî, § 501. 37. 1.
7. darêtur, audêret, § 501. 43. audêret is not from audiô.
8. cum ... morârêtur, § 501. 46.
9. ut ... posset, ... scîret, § 501. 43.
10. Ille, subj. of inquit.
11. huius Germâniae, of this part of Germany.
12. quî ... scîat ... adierit, § 501. 45.
13. ûnum, only one.
14. crûrum, from crûs.
15. prô, for, in place of.
16. elephantîs, § 501. 34.
17. parcunt. What case is used with this verb?
LXXIII. THE STORMING OF A CITY
Pûblius plûrîs diês in Germâniâ morâtus1 in Galliam rediit, et ad Caesaris castra sê contulit. Ille quia molestê ferêbat Gallôs2 eius regiônis obsidês dare recûsâvisse et exercituî frûmentum praebêre nôluisse, cônstituit eîs3 bellum înferre. Agrîs vâstâtîs, vîcîs incênsîs, pervênit ad oppidum validissimum quod et nâtûrâ et arte mûnîtum erat. Cingêbâtur mûrô vîgintî quînque pedês4 altô. Â lateribus duôsitum, praeruptô fastîgiô ad plânitiem vergêgat; â quârtô tantum5 latere aditus erat facilis. Hoc oppidum oppugnâre, 6cum opus esset difficillimum, tamen cônstituit Caesar. Et castrîs mûnîtîs Pûbliô negôtium dedit ut rês 7ad oppugnandum necessâriâs parâret.
[Illustration: siege shed
Caption: VINEA]
Rômânôrum autem oppugnâtiô est haec.8 Prîmum turrês aedificantur quibus mîlitês in summum mûrum êvâdere possint9; vîneae10 fîunt quibus têctî mîlitês ad mûrum succêdant; pluteî11 parantur post quôs mîlitês tormenta12 administrent; sunt quoque arietês quî mûrum et portâs discutiant. Hîs omnibus rêbus comparâtîs, deinde 13agger ab eâ parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum vîneîs ad ipsum oppidum agitur. Tum turris in aggere prômovêtur; arietibus quî sub vîneîs conlocâtî erant mûrus et portae discutiuntur; ballistîs, catapultîs, reliquîsque tormentîs lapidês et têla in oppidum coniciuntur. Postrêmô cum iam turris et agger altitûdinem mûrî adaequant et arietês moenia perfrêgêrunt,14 signô datô mîlitês inruunt et oppidum expugnant.
1. morâtus. Is this part. active or passive in meaning?
2. Gallôs, subj. acc. of the infins. recûsâvisse and nôluisse. The indirect statement depends upon molestê ferêbat.
3. eîs, § 501. 15.
4. pedês, § 501. 21.
5. tantum, adv. only.
6. cum ... esset, a clause of concession, § 501. 46.
7. ad oppugnandum, a gerund expressing purpose.
8. haec, as follows.
9. possint, subjv. of purpose. Three similar constructions follow.
10. vîneae. These vîneae were wooden sheds, open in front and rear, used to protect men who were working to take a fortification. They were about eight feet high, of like width, and double that length, covered with raw hides to protect them from being set on fire, and moved on wheels or rollers.
11. pluteî, large screens or shields with small wheels attached to them. These were used to protect besiegers while moving up to a city or while serving the engines of war.
12. tormenta. The engines of war were chiefly the catapult for shooting great arrows, and the ballista, for hurling large stones. They had a range of about two thousand feet and were very effective.
13. The agger, or mound, was of chief importance in a siege. It was begun just out of reach of the missiles of the enemy, and then gradually extended towards the point to be attacked. At the same time its height gradually increased until on a level with the top of the wall, or even higher. It was made of earth and timber, and had covered galleries running through it for the use of the besiegers. Over or beside the agger a tower was moved up to the wall, often with a battering-ram (aries) in the lowest story. (See picture, p. 221.)
14. perfrêgêrunt, from perfringô.
LXXIV. THE CITY IS TAKEN · THE CAPTIVES ARE QUESTIONED
[Illustration: ballista
Caption: BALLISTA]
Omnibus rêbus necessâriîs ad oppugnandum â Pûbliô comparâtîs, dêlîberâtur in conciliô quod cônsilium 1oppidî expugnandî ineant.2 Tum ûnus3 ex centuriônibus, vir reî mîlitâris perîtissimus, "Ego suâdeô," inquit, "ut ab eâ parte, ubi aditus sit4 facillimus, aggerem exstruâmus5 et turrim prômoveâmus5atque ariete admôtô simul mûrum discutere cônêmur.5" 6Hoc cônsilium cum omnibus placêret, Caesar concilium dîmîsit. Deinde mîlitês hortâtus ut priôrês victôriâs memoriâ7 tenêrent, iussit aggerem exstruî, turrim et arietem admovêrî. Neque oppidânîs8 cônsilium dêfuit. Aliî ignem et omne genus têlôrum dê mûrô in turrim coniêcêrunt, aliî ingentia saxa in vîneâs et arietem dêvolvêrunt. Diû utrimque âcerrimê pugnâtum est. Nê vulnerâtî quidem pedem rettulêrunt. Tandem, 9dê tertiâ vigiliâ, Pûblius, quem Caesar illî operî10 praefêcerat, nûntiâvit partem11 mûrî ictibus arietis labefactam concidisse. Quâ rê audîtâ Caesar signum dat; mîlitês inruunt et magnâ cum caede hostium oppidum capiunt.
1. oppidî expugnandî. Is this a gerund or a gerundive construction? Cf. § 501. 37.
2. ineant. § 501. 50.
3. ûnus. subj. of inquit.
4. sit. This is a so-called subjunctive by attraction, which means that the clause beginning with ubi stands in such close connection with the subjv. clause beginning with ut, that its verb is attracted into the same mood.
5. All these verbs are in the same construction.
6. Hoc cônsilium, subj. of placêret. For the order cf. Haec cum, etc., p. 215, l. 22, and note; Id imperâtor cum, p. 217, l. 8.
7. memoriâ, abl. of means.
8. oppidânîs, § 501. 15.
9. Between twelve and three o'clock in the morning. The night was divided into four watches.
10. operî, § 501. 15.
11. partem, subj. acc. of concidisse.
[Illustration: siege towers, battering rams, siege shed
Caption: TURRES, ARIETES, VINEA]
Postrîdiê eius diêî, hôc oppidô expugnâtô, 12captîvôrum quî nôbilissimî sunt ad imperâtôrem ante praetôrium13 addûcuntur. Ipse, lôrîcâ aurâtâ et paludâmentô purpureô însignis, captîvôs per interpretem in hunc modum interrogat:14 Vôs quî estis15?
Interpres. Rogat imperâtor quî sîtis.
Captîvî. Fîliî rêgis sumus.
Interpres. Dîcunt sê fîliôs esse rêgis.
Imperâtor. Cûr mihi tantâs iniûriâs intulistis?
Interpres. Rogat cûr sibi tantâs iniûriâs intuleritis.
Captîvî. Iniûriâs eî nôn intulimus sed prô patriâ bellum gessimus. Semper voluimus Rômânîs esse amîcî, sed Rômânî sine causâ nôs domô patriâque expellere cônâtî sunt.
Interpres. 16Negant sê iniûriâs tibi intulisse, sed prô patriâ bellum gessisse. 17Semper sê voluisse amîcôs Rômânîs esse, sed Rômânôs sine causâ sê domô patriâque expellere cônâtôs esse.
Imperâtor. 18Manêbitisne in reliquum tempus in fidê, hâc rebelliône condônâtâ?
Tum vêrô captîvî multîs cum lacrimîs iûrâvêrunt sê in fidê mânsûrôs esse, et Caesar eôs incolumîs domum dîmîsit.
12. captîvôrum ... sunt, the noblest of the captives.
13. The general's headquarters.
14. Study carefully these direct questions, indirect questions, and indirect statements.
15. See Plate III, p. 148.
16. Negant, etc., they say that they have not, etc. Negant is equivalent to dîcunt nôn, and the negative modifies intulisse, but not the remainder of the indirect statement.
17. Semper, etc., that they have always, etc.
18. Manêbitisne in fidê, will you remain loyal?
LXXV. CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY · THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA
Nê cônfectô1 quidem bellô Gallicô, 2bellum cîvîle inter Caesarem et Pompêium exortum est. Nam Pompêius, quî summum imperium petêbat, senâtuî persuâserat ut Caesarem reî pûblicae hostem3 iûdicâret et exercitum eius dîmittî iubêret. Quibus cognitîs rêbus Caesar exercitum suum dîmittere recûsâvit, atque, hortâtus mîlitês ut ducem totiêns victôrem ab inimîcôrum iniûriîs dêfenderent, imperâvit ut sê Rômam sequerentur. Summâ cum alacritâte mîlitês pâruêrunt, et trânsitô Rubicône4 initium bellî cîvîlis factum est.
Italiae urbês quidem omnês ferê 5rêbus Caesaris favêbant et eum benignê excêpêrunt. Quâ rê commôtus Pompêius ante Caesaris adventum Rômâ excessit et Brundisium6 pervênit, inde 7paucîs post diêbus cum omnibus côpiîs ad Êpîrum mare trânsiit. Eum Caesar cum septem legiônibus et quîngentîs equitibus secûtus est, et însignis inter Caesaris comitâtum erat Pûblius.
Plûribus leviôribus proeliîs factîs, tandem côpiae adversae ad Pharsâlum8 in Thessaliâ sitam castra posuêrunt. Cum Pompeî exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multî quî veterânâs legiônês quae Gallôs et Germânôs superâverant vehementer timêbant. Quôs9 10ante proelium commissum Labiênus11 lêgâtus, quî ab Caesare nûper dêfêcerat, ita adlocûtus est: "12Nôlîte exîstimâre hunc esse exercitum veterânôrum mîlitum. Omnibus interfuî proeliîs13 neque temerê incognitam rem prônûntiô. Perexigua pars illîus exercitûs quî Gallôs superâvit adhûc superest. Magna pars occîsa est, multî domum discessêrunt, multî sunt relictî in Italiâ. Hae côpiae quâs vidêtis in 14citeriôre Galliâ nûper cônscrîptae sunt." Haec15 cum dîxisset, iûrâvit sê nisi victôrem in castra nôn reversûrum esse. 16Hoc idem Pompêius et omnês reliquî iûrâvêrunt, et magnâ spê et laetitiâ, sîcut certam ad victôriam, côpiae ê castrîs exiêrunt.
Item Caesar, animô17 ad dîmicandum parâtus, exercitum suum êdûxit et septem cohortibus 18praesidiô castrîs relictîs côpiâs triplicî aciê înstrûxit. Tum, mîlitibus studiô pugnae ârdentibus, tubâ signum dedit. Mîlitês prôcurrêrunt et pîlîs missîs gladiôs strînxêrunt. Neque vêrô virtûs hostibus dêfuit. Nam et têla missa sustinuêrunt et impetum gladiôrum excêpêrunt et ôrdinês cônservâvêrunt. Utrimque diû et âcriter pugnâtum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equitês Pompêî aciem Caesaris circumîre cônâtî sunt. Quod19 ubi Caesar animadvertit, tertiam aciem,20 quae ad id tempus quiêta fuerat, prôcurrere iussit. Tum vêrô integrôrum impetum21 dêfessî hostês sustinêre nôn potuêrunt et omnês terga vertêrunt. Sed Pompêius dê fortûnîs suîs dêspêrâns sê in castra equô contulit, inde mox cum paucîs equitibus effûgit.
1. With nê ... quidem the emphatic word stands between the two.
2. The Civil War was caused by the jealousy and rivalry between Cæsar and Pompey. It resulted in the defeat and subsequent death of Pompey and the elevation of Cæsar to the lordship of the Roman world.
3. hostem, predicate accusative, § 501. 22.
4. The Rubicon was a small stream in northern Italy that marked the boundary of Cæsar's province. By crossing it with an armed force Cæsar declared war upon Pompey and the existing government. Cæsar crossed the Rubicon early in the year 49 B.C.
5. rêbus Caesaris favêbant, favored Cæsar's side. In what case is rêbus?
6. Brundisium, a famous port in southern Italy whence ships sailed for Greece and the East. See map.
7. paucîs post diêbus, a few days later; literally, afterguards by a few days. Cf. paucîs ante annîs, p. 213, l. 12, and note.
7. The battle of Pharsalia was fought on August 9, 48 B.C. In importance it ranks as one of the great battles of the world.
8. Quôs, obj. of adlocûtus est.
10. ante proelium commissum, before the beginning of the battle.
11. Labiênus, Cæsar's most faithful and skillful lieutenant in the Gallic War. On the outbreak of the Civil War, in 49 B.C., he deserted Cæsar and joined Pompey. His defection caused the greatest joy among the Pompeian party; but he disappointed the expectations of his new friends, and never accomplished anything of importance. He fought against his old commander in several battles and was slain at the battle of Munda in Spain, 45 B.C.
12. Nôlîte exîstimâre, don´t think.
13. proeliîs, § 501. 15.
14. citeriôre Galliâ. This name is applied to Cisalpine Gaul, or Gaul south of the Alps.
15. Haec, obj. of dîxisset.
16. Hoc idem, obj. of iûrâvêrunt.
17. animô, § 501. 30.
18. praesidiô castrîs, § 501. 17.
19. Quod, obj. of animadvertit.
20. aciem, subj. of prôcurrere.
21. impetum, obj. of sustinêre.
LXXVI. THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR
[Illustration: standard-bearer
Caption: SIGNIFER]
Pompêiô amîcîsque eius superâtîs atque omnibus hostibus ubîque victîs, Caesar imperâtor Rômam rediit et 1extrâ moenia urbis in campô Mârtiô castra posuit. Tum vêrô amplissimîs honôribus adfectus est. Dictâtor creâtus est, et eî triumphus â senâtû est dêcrêtus. 2Quô diê de Gallîs triumphum êgit, tanta multitûdô hominum in urbem undique cônflûxit 3ut omnia loca essent cônferta. Templa patêbant, ârae fûmâbant, columnae sertîs ôrnâtae erant. 4Cum vêrô pompa urbem intrâret, quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! Prîmum per portam ingressî sunt senâtus et magistrâtûs. Secûtî sunt tîbîcinês, signiferî, peditês laureâ corônâtî canentês: "Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, quî subêgit Galliam," et "Mîlle, mîlle, mîlle, mîlle Gallôs trucîdâvimus." Multî praedam captârum urbium portâbant, arma, omnia bellî înstrûmenta. Secûtî sunt equitês, animôsîs atque splendidissimê ôrnâtîs equîs vectî, inter quôs Pûblius adulêscêns fortissimus habêbâtur. Addûcêbantur taurî, arietês, 5quî dîs immortâlibus immolârentur. Ita longô agmine prôgrediêns exercitus 6sacrâ viâ per forum in Capitôlium perrêxit.
[Illustration: lictors with fasces
Caption: LICTORES CUM FASCIBUS]
Imperâtor ipse cum urbem intrâret, undique laetô clâmôre multitûdinis salûtâtus est. Stâbat in currû aureô quem quattuor albî equî vehêbant. Indûtus 7togâ pictâ, alterâ manû habênâs et lauream tenêbat, alterâ eburneum scêptrum. Post eum servus in currû stâns auream corônam super caput eius tenêbat. Ante currum miserrimî captîvî, rêgês prîncipêsque superâtârum gentium, catênîs vînctî, prôgrediêbantur; et vîgintî quattuor lîctôrês8 laureatâs fascîs ferentês et signiferî currum Caesaris comitâbantur. Conclûdit agmen multitûdô captîvôrum, quî, in servitûtem redâctî,9 dêmissô vultû, vînctîs10 bracchiîs, sequuntur; quibuscum veniunt longissimô ôrdine mîlitês, etiam hî praedam vel insignia mîlitâria ferentês.
Caesar cum Capitôlium ascendisset, in templô Iovî Capitôlînô sacra fêcit. Simul11 captivôrum quî nôbilissimî erant, abductî in carcerem,12 interfectî sunt. Sacrîs factîs Caesar dê Capitôliô dêscendit et in forô mîitibus suîs honôrês mîlitârîs dedit eîsque pecûniam ex bellî praedâ distribuit.
Hîs omnibus rêbus cônfectîs, Pûblius Caesarem valêre13 iussit et quam celerrimê ad vîllam contendit ut patrem mâtremque salûtâret.
15Dê rêbus gestîs P. Cornêlî Lentulî hâctenus.
1. A victorious general with his army was not allowed to enter the city until the day of his triumph. A triumph was the greatest of all military honors.
2. Quô diê, on the day that, abl. of time.
3. ut ... essent, § 501. 43.
4. Cum ... intrâret, § 501. 46.
5. quî ... immolârentur, § 501. 40.
6. The Sacred Way was a noted street running along one side of the Forum to the base of the Capitoline Hill, on whose summit stood the magnificent temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. This route was always followed by triumphal processions.
7. The toga picta worn by a general in his triumph was a splendid robe of Tyrian purple covered with golden stars. See Plate IV, p. 213.
8. The lictors were a guard of honor that attended the higher magistrates and made a way for them through the streets. On their shoulders they carried the fasces, a bundle of rods with an ax in the middle, symbolizing the power of the law.
9. dêmissô vultû, with downcast countenance.
10. vînctîs, from vinciô.
12. Simul, etc., At the same time those of the captives who were the noblest.
12. The prison was a gloomy dungeon on the lower slopes of the Capitoline Hill.
13. valêre iussit, bade farewell to.
14. This sentence marks the end of the story.
APPENDIX I
DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC.
NOUNS
460. Nouns are inflected in five declensions, distinguished by the final letter of the stem and by the termination of the genitive singular.
First Declension—Â-stems, Gen. Sing. -ae
Second Declension—O-stems, Gen. Sing. -î
Third Declension—Consonant stems and I-stems, Gen. Sing. -is
Fourth Declension—U-stems, Gen. Sing. -ûs
Fifth Declension—Ê-stems, Gen. Sing. -êî or -eî
461. FIRST DECLENSION. Â-STEMS
a. Dea and fîlia have the termination -âbus in the dative and ablative plural.
462. SECOND DECLENSION. O-STEMS
a. Masculines in -us
1. Nouns in -us of the second declension have the termination -e´ in the vocative singular, as domine.
2. Proper names in -ius, and filius, end in -î in the vocative singular, and the accent rests on the penult, as Vergi´lî, fîlî.
b. Neuters in -um
1. Masculines in -ius and neuters in -ium end in -î in the genitive singular, not in -iî, and the accent rests on the penult.
c. Masculines in -er and -ir
463. THIRD DECLENSION.
CLASSIFICATION
I. Consonant Stems
II. I-Stems.
1. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only.
2. Stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular: a. masculines and feminines; b. neuters.
Masculines, feminines, and neuters.
464. I. CONSONANT STEMS
1. Nouns that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only
Note. For consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. § 233. 3.
2. Nouns that have no termination in the nominative singular
a. Masculines and Feminines
Note. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. § 236. 1-3.
b. Neuters
Note. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. § 238. 2, 3.
465. II. I-STEMS
a. Masculines and Feminines
1. Avis, cîvis, fînis, ignis, nâvis, have the abl. sing. in -î or -e.
2. Turris has accusative turrim and ablative turrî or turre.
b. Neuters
466. THE FOURTH DECLENSION. U-STEMS
467. THE FIFTH DECLENSION. Ê-STEMS
468. SPECIAL PARADIGMS
a. The vocative singular of deus is like the nominative.
b. The locative of domus is domî.
ADJECTIVES
469. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. O- AND Â-STEMS
a. Adjectives in -us
b. Adjectives in -er
470. THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
II. TWO ENDINGS
III. ONE ENDING
1. Observe that all i-stem adjectives have -î in the ablative singular.
{This sentence appears to be a footnote, but there is no footnote tag on the page.}
472. PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES
473. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
474. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES
475. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
476. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
477. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
478. NUMERALS
The cardinal numerals are indeclinable excepting ûnus, duo, três, the hundreds above one hundred, and mîlle used as a noun. The ordinals are declined like bonus, -a, -um.
479. Declension of duo, two, três, three, and mîlle, a thousand.
Note. Mîlle is used in the plural as a noun with a modifying genitive, and is occasionally so used in the nominative and accusative singular. For the declension of ûnus cf. § 470.
PRONOUNS
480. PERSONAL
Note that suî is always reflexive.
481. DEMONSTRATIVE
Demonstratives belong to the first and second declensions, but have the pronominal endings -îus or -ius and -î in the gen. and dat. sing.
Note. In the plural of is and îdem the forms with two i's are preferred, the two i's being pronounced as one.
482. RELATIVE
483. INTERROGATIVE
The interrogative adjective quî, quae, quod, is declined like the relative.
484. INDEFINITES
quis and quî, as declined above,1 are used also as indefinites (some, any). The other indefinites are compounds of quis and quî.
1. qua is generally used instead of quae in the feminine nominative singular and in the neuter nominative and accusative plural.
485. quîdam, a certain one, a certain
Observe that in the neuter singular the adjective has quoddam and the substantive quiddam.
486. quisquam, substantive, any one (at all)
487. aliquis, substantive, some one. aliquî, adjective, some
a. quis (quî), any one, any, is the least definite (§ 297. b). aliquis (aliquî), some one, some, is more definite than quis. quisquam, any one (at all), and its adjective ûllus, any, occur mostly with a negative, expressed or implied, and in clauses of comparison.
REGULAR VERBS
488. FIRST CONJUGATION. Â-VERBS. AMÔ
1. Sometimes called the future passive participle.
489. SECOND CONJUGATION. Ê-VERBS. MONEÔ
490. THIRD CONJUGATION. E-VERBS. REGÔ
491. FOURTH CONJUGATION. Î-VERBS. AUDIÔ
492. THIRD CONJUGATION. VERBS IN -IÔ. CAPIÔ
493. DEPONENT VERBS
Note. In addition to the passive conjugation, deponent verbs use certain forms from the active. These are marked with a star. Deponent -iô verbs of the third conjugation are inflected like the passive of capiô.
IRREGULAR VERBS
494. sum, am, be
495. possum, be able, can
496. prôsum, benefit
497.
Principal
Parts
volô, velle, voluî, ——, be willing, will, wish
nôlô, nôlle, nôluî, ——, be unwilling, will not
mâlô, mâlle, mâluî, ——, be more willing, prefer
Nôlô and mâlô are compounds of volô. Nôlô is for ne (not) + volô, and mâlô for mâ (from magis, more) + volô. The second person vîs is from a different root.
498. ferô, bear, carry, endure
499. eô, go
a. The verb eô is used impersonally in the third person singular of the passive, as îtur, itum est, etc.
b. In the perfect system the forms with v are very rare.
500. fîô, passive of faciô; be made, become, happen
[Illustration: Fortification protected by a wall and a ditch
Caption: CASTRA MURO FOSSAQUE MUNIUNTUR]
APPENDIX II
501. RULES OF SYNTAX
Note. The rules of syntax are here classified and numbered consecutively. The number of the text section in which the rule appears is given at the end of each.
Nominative Case
1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the question Who? or What? § 36.
Agreement
2. A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject. § 28.
3. A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb. § 76.
4. An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains. § 81.
5. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. § 65.
6. A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb. § 215. a.
7. A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause. § 224.
Prepositions
8. A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or ablative case. § 52.
Genitive Case
9. The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive and answers the question Whose? § 38.
10. The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of sum, and is then called the predicate genitive. § 409.
11. Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as the partitive genitive. § 331.
12. Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective. § 443.
Dative Case
13. The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. § 45.
14. The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs crêdô, faveô, noceô, pâreô, persuâdeô, resistô, studeô, and others of like meaning. § 154.
15. Some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, dê, in, inter, ob, post, prae, prô, sub, super, admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative. § 426.
16. The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning near, also fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites. § 143.
17. The dative is used to denote the purpose or end for which; often with another dative denoting the person or thing affected. § 437.
Accusative Case
18. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and answers the question Whom? or What? § 37.
19. The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. § 214.
20. The place to which is expressed by ad or in with the accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, domus, and rûs the preposition is omitted.§§ 263, 266.
21. Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative. § 336.
22. Verbs of making, choosing, calling, showing, and the like, may take a predicate accusative along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. § 392.
Ablative Case
23. Cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what? § 102.
24. Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? or With what? § 103.
25. Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with cum. This answers the question With whom? § 104.
26. The ablative with cum is used to denote the manner of an action. Cum may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? or In what manner? § 105.
27. With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure of difference. § 317.
28. The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance. This is called theablative absolute. § 381.
29. 1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective. § 444.
2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective. § 445.
30. The ablative is used to denote in what respect something is true. § 398.
31. The place from which is expressed by â or ab, dê, ê or ex with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence? Before names of towns, small islands, domus, and rûs the preposition is omitted. §§ 264, 266.
32. Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning. This is called the ablative of separation. § 180.
33. The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition â or ab. This is called theablative of the personal agent. § 181.
34. The comparative degree, if quam is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative. § 309.
35. The time when or within which anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. § 275.
36. 1. The place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with in. This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small islands, and rûs the preposition is omitted. §§ 265, 266.
2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or second declension, and the word domus express the place in which by the locative.§ 268.
Gerund and Gerundive
37. 1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns. § 406. 1.
2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual. § 406. 2.
38. The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with ad, or the genitive with causâ, is used to express purpose. § 407.
Moods and Tenses of Verbs
39. Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by secondary. § 358.
40. The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause. § 349.
41. A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as object with verbs of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, where in English we should usually have the infinitive. § 366.
42. Verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by ut (that not) or nê (that or lest). § 372.
43. Consecutive clauses of result are introduced by ut or ut nôn, and have the verb in the subjunctive. § 385.
44. Object clauses of result with ut or ut nôn are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about. § 386.
45. A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called the subjunctive of characteristic or description. § 390.
46. The conjunction cum means when, since, or although. It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means when and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place. § 396.
47. When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive. § 416.
48. The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving. § 419.
49. A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. § 418.
50. In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. § 432.
[Illustration: seated lady
Caption: DOMINA]
APPENDIX III
REVIEWS1
1. It is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned for a written test.
I. REVIEW OF VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR THROUGH LESSON VIII
502. Give the English of the following words:1
1. Proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in the reviews. Words used in Cassar's "Gallic War" are in heavy type.
503. Give the Latin of the following words:1
Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you have underlined.
1. The translations of words used in Cæsar are in italics.
504. Review Questions. How many syllables has a Latin word? How are words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension? conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show? Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case? Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective. What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say of the position of the possessive pronoun? the modifying genitive? the adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the rule for gender in the first declension? What are the general principles of Latin word order?
505. Fill out the following summary of the first declension:
II. REVIEW OF LESSONS IX-XVII
506. Give the English of the following words:
Adjectives of the First and Second Declensons
aeger, aegra, aegrum
alius, alia, aliud
alter, altera, alterum
armâtus, -a, -um
crêber, crêbra, crêbrum
dûrus, -a, -um
fînitimus, -a, -um
înfîrmus, -a, -um
legiônârius, -a, -um
lîber, lîbera, lîberum
mâtûrus, -a, -um
meus, -a, -um
miser, misera, miserum
multus, -a, -um
neuter, neutra, neutrum
noster, nostra, nostrum
alter, altera, alterum
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
sôlus, -a, -um
suus, -a, -um
fînitimus, -a, -um
tuus, -a, -um
ûllus, -a, -um
ûnus, -a, -um
uter, utra, utrum
validus, -a, -um
vester, vestra, vestrum
Verbs
arat
cûrat
dêsîderat
mâtûrat
properat
Demonstrative
Pronoun
is, ea, id
Conjunctions
an
-que
sed
Adverbs
iam
quô
saepe
Preposition
apud
507. Give the Latin of the following words:
508. Review Questions. How many declensions are there? What three things must be known about a noun before it can be declined? What three cases of neuter nouns are always alike, and in what do they end in the plural? What two plural cases are always alike? When is the vocative singular not like the nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what does it agree? What is an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of an appositive. How can we tell whether a noun in -er is declined like puer or like ager? Decline bonus, lîber, pulcher. How can we tell whether an adjective in -er is declined like lîberor like pulcher? Why must we say nauta bonus and not nauta bona? Name the Latin possessive pronouns. How are they declined? With what does the possessive pronoun agree? When do we use tuus and when vester? Why is suus called a reflexive possessive? What is the non-reflexive possessive of the third person? When are possessives omitted? What four uses of the ablative case are covered by the relations expressed in English by with? Give an illustration in Latin of the ablative of manner; of the ablative of cause; of the ablative of means; of the ablative of accompaniment. What ablative regularly has cum? What ablative sometimes has cum? What uses of the ablative never have cum? Name the nine pronominal adjectives, with their meanings. Decline alius, nûllus. Decline is. What does is mean as a demonstrative adjective or pronoun? What other important use has it?
509. Fill out the following summary of the second declension:
III. REVIEW OF LESSONS XVIII-XXVI
510. Give the English of the following words:
511. Give the Latin of the following words. In the case of verbs always give the first form and the present infinitive.
512. Review Questions. What is conjugation? Name two important differences between conjugation in Latin and in English. What is tense? What is mood? What are the Latin moods? When do we use the indicative mood? Name the six tenses of the indicative. What are personal endings? Name those you have had. Inflect sum in the three tenses you have learned. How many regular conjugations are there? How are they distinguished? How is the present stem found? What tenses are formed from the present stem? What is the tense sign of the imperfect? What is the meaning of the imperfect? What is the tense sign of the future in the first two conjugations? in the last two? Before what letters is a final long vowel of the stem shortened? What are the three possible translations of a present, as of pugnô? Inflect arô, sedeô, mittô, faciô, and veniô, in the present, imperfect, and future active. What forms of -iôverbs of the third conjugation are like audiô? what like regô? Give the rule for the dative with adjectives. Name the special intransitive verbs that govern the dative. What does the imperative mood express? How is the present active imperative formed in the singular? in the plural? What three verbs have a shortened present active imperative? Give the present active imperative of portô, dêleô, agô, faciô, mûniô.
IV. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXVII-XXXVI
513. Give the English of the following words:
Conjunctions
autem
sî
ubi
514. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.
515. Give the principal parts and meaning of the following verbs:
516. Review Questions. What are the personal endings in the passive voice? What is the letter -r sometimes called? What are the distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations? What forms constitute the principal parts? What are the three different conjugation stems? How may they be found? What are the tenses of the indicative? of the infinitive? What tense of the imperative have you learned? What forms are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial stem? What are the endings of the perfect active indicative? What is the tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active? How is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive? How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive imperative? How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect passive infinitive? How is the future active infinitive formed? What is a participle? How are participles in -us declined? Give the rule for the agreement of the participle. How are the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive indicative formed? Conjugate the verb sum in all moods and tenses as far as you have learned it (§ 494). What is meant by the separative ablative? How is the place from which expressed in Latin? Give the rule for the ablative of separation; for the ablative of the personal agent. How can we distinguish between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent? What is the perfect definite? the perfect indefinite? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect indefinite and the imperfect? What two cases in Latin may be governed by a preposition? Name the prepositions that govern the ablative. What does the preposition in mean when it governs the ablative? the accusative? What are the three interrogatives used to introduce yes-and-no questions? Explain the force of each. What words are sometimes used for yes and no? What are the different meanings and uses of ubi?
V. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXXVII-XLIV
517. Give the English of the following words:
Prepositions
in with the abl.
in with the acc.
trâns
Adverbs
cotîdiê
numquam
Conjunctions
nec, neque
nec ... nec, or neque ... neque
518. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:
519. Review Questions. Give the conjugation of possum. What is an infinitive? What three uses has the Latin infinitive that are like the English? What is the case of the subject of the infinitive? What is meant by a complementary infinitive? In the sentence The bad boy cannot be happy, what is the case ofhappy? Give the rule. Decline quî. Give the rule for the agreement of the relative. What are the two uses of the interrogative? Decline quis. What is the base of a noun? How is the stem formed from the base? Are the stem and the base ever the same? How many declensions of nouns are there? Name them. What are the two chief divisions of the third declension? How are the consonant stems classified? Explain the formation of lapis from the stem lapid-,mîles from mîlit-, rêx from rêg-. What nouns have i-stems? What peculiarities of form do i-stems have,—masc., fem., and neut.? Name the five nouns that have -î and -e in the abl. Decline turris. Give the rules for gender in the third declension. Decline mîles, lapis, rêx, virtûs, cônsul, legiô, homô,pater, flûmen, opus, tempus, caput, caedês, urbs, hostis, mare, animal, vîs, iter.
520. Fill out the following scheme:
VI. REVIEW OF LESSONS XLV-LII
521. Give the English of the following words:
522. Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.
523. Review Questions. By what declensions are Latin adjectives declined? What can you say about the stem of adjectives of the third declension? Into what classes are these adjectives divided? How can you tell to which of the classes an adjective belongs? Decline âcer, omnis, pâr. What are the nominative endings and genders of nouns of the fourth or u-declension? What nouns are feminine by exception? Decline adventus, lacus, cornû, domus. Give the rules for the ordinary expression of the place to which, the place from which, the place in which. What special rules apply to names of towns, small islands, and rûs? What is the locative case? What words have a locative case? What is the form of the locative case? Translate Galba lives at home, Galba lives at Rome, Galba lives at Pompeii. What is the rule for gender in the fifth or ê-declension? Decline diês, rês. When is the long ê shortened? What can you say about the plural of the fifth declension? Decline tuba, servus, pîlum, ager, puer, mîles, cônsul, flûmen, caedês, animal. How is thetime when expressed? Name the classes of pronouns and define each class. Decline ego, tû, is. What are the reflexives of the first and second persons? What is the reflexive of the third person? Decline it. Translate I see myself, he sees himself, he sees him. Decline ipse. How is ipse used? Decline îdem. Decline hic, iste, ille. Explain the use of these words. Name and translate the commoner indefinite pronouns. Decline aliquis, quisquam, quîdam,quisque.
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