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ALLORA -- Online Grammar Reference
Grammar Guide
01. Verbs: Indicative mood
1.1. Present
1.1.2 Irregular verbs in the present
1.2. Present perfect, passato prossimo
1.2.1 When to use essere and when to use avere in the present perfect
1.2.2 Present perfect with essere
1.2.3 Present perfect with avere
1.3. Imperfect
1.3.1. Uses of the imperfect
1.3.2. Forms of the imperfect
1.3.3. Imperfect versus present perfect
1.4. Past perfect, trapassato prossimo
1.5. Remote past, passato remoto
1.5.1. Passato remoto versus passato prossimo
1.6. Future tenses
1.6.1. Future
1.6.2 Future perfect, futuro anteriore
02. Verbs: The progressive
2.1. Present progressive
2.2. Past progressive
03. Verbs: Non-indicative moods
3.1. Imperative
3.2. Present and past infinitive with fare (causative structures)
3.2.1. The infinitive as a noun
3.3. The conditional, presente and passato
3.4. The subjunctive, congiuntivo
3.4.1. Present subjunctive, congiuntivo presente
3.4.2. Present perfect subjunctive, congiuntivo passato
3.4.3. Agreement of tenses with the past subjunctive
3.4.4. Impersonal expressions that trigger the subjunctive
3.4.5. Conjunctions that trigger the subjunctive
3.5. Imperfect and past perfect subjunctive
3.5.1. Imperfect subjunctive, congiuntivo imperfetto
3.5.2. Past perfect subjunctive, congiuntivo trapassato
3.6. Hypothetical expressions
04. Verbs: Reflexive, impersonal, and passive forms
4.1. Reflexive verbs in the present tense
4.1.1. Reflexive verbs in the present perfect
4.1.2. Reciprocal verb constructions
4.2. Impersonal forms
4.2.1. The si impersonale
4.2.2. The si passivante
4.3. Passive voice
4.3.1. Passive voice with essere
4.3.2. Passive voice with venire and andare
05. Articles, nouns, and adjectives
5.1. Gender and number of Italian nouns
5.1.1. Gender of Italian nouns
5.1.2. Number of Italian nouns and noun-ending changes
5.2. Indefinite articles
5.3. Definite articles
5.4. Irregular Nouns
5.4.1 Indeclinable Italian nouns
5.4.2 Abbreviated nouns
5.4.3 Deceptive-gender nouns
5.4.4 Spelling changes with nouns ending in –co, -go, -ca, -ga
5.5. Adjectives
5.5.1. Spelling changes with adjectives
5.6. Position of adjectives
06. Possession and related structures
6.1. The use of “di +...” for possession
6.2. Possessive Adjectives
6.3. Possessive Pronouns
07. Adverbs: forms and uses
7.1. Regular adverbs
7.2. Adverbs of time
7.3. Adverbs of place/prepositions
08. Comparatives and Superlatives
8.1. Forms of the comparative
8.2. Forms of the superlative
8.2.1. The superlativo relativo
8.2.2. The superlativo assoluto
8.3. Irregular forms of the comparative and the superlative
09. Demonstrative Adjectives and Demonstrative Pronouns
9.1. Questo as a demonstrative adjective
9.2. Quello as a demonstrative adjective
9.3. Questo and quello as demonstrative pronouns
9.4. Poco, molto, troppo as adjectives
9.5. Poco, molto, troppo as adverbs
10. Pronouns and Partitives
10.1. Subject pronouns
10.2. Direct- and indirect-object pronouns; stressed pronouns
10.2.1. Direct-object pronouns
10.2.2. Indirect-object pronouns
10.2.3. Stressed pronouns
10.3. Combined pronouns
10.4. Relative pronouns
10.5. Pronoun of location, ci
10.6. The pronoun ne
10.7. Indefinite pronouns like qualcuno, qualcosa, ecc.; collective nouns
10.8. Partitives
11. Prepositions
11.1. Simple prepositions, preposizioni semplici
11.2. Contracted prepositions, preposizioni articolate
11.3. Specific examples of preposition usage: di, a, da, in, su, con, per, tra/fra
12. Numbers
12.1. Cardinal numbers
12.2. Ordinal numbers
13. Negation and interrogatives
13.1. Negation
13.2. Interrogatives
14. Suffixes that change meanings
14.1. Augmentative suffixes
14.2. Dimunitive suffixes
14.3. Endearment suffixes
14.4. Pejorative suffixes
15. Forms of address
15.1. When to use tu
15.2. When to use Lei
15.3. When to use voi
15.4. When to use loro
16. Agreement of tenses and conjunctions
16.1. Agreement of tenses
16.1.1. Agreement of tenses with and indicative present or future
16.1.2. Agreement of tenses with an indicative past
16.1.3. Agreement of tenses with a subjunctive present
16.1.4. Agreement of tenses with a subjunctive past
16.1.5. Agreement of tenses with a subjunctive past and a conditional
16.2. Conjunctions
16.2.1. Simple conjunctions
16.2.2. Subjunctive-triggering conjunctions
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