Probability

Success Criteria

At the end of this chapter, students are able to:

  1. List the sample space of a simple combined events.

  2. Illustrate the sample space of a simple combined using a possibility diagram.

Introduction

"God does not play dice with the Universe"

- Albert Einstein

"Not only does God play dice, but…he sometimes throws them where they cannot be seen."

- Stephen Hawkings

Whether God does or does not gamble, probability is nevertheless an important area of study as many events around us are seemingly random and unpredictable. Probability is the study of chance and the likelihood of an event happening.

Real-world applications of probability include: (i) Gambling; (ii) Actuarial Science. The study of risk in finance and insurance; (iii) Quantum Physics. Which is the context behind the quotes listed above; and (iv) Computer Simulations. Some real-world examples are listed below.

Singapore Pools

Did you know that Singapore Pools is the only legal operator of lotteries in Singapore?

4D is a game where players try to guess one of 23 4-digits (0000 to 9999) that will win them a prize if their numbers match.

Toto is a game where players pick 6 numbers out of 49. According to Singapore Pools, the highest payout on record is $6 971 841 in Feb 2016.

P.S: Singapore Pools Website is blocked by MOE. P.P.S Don't gamble kids!