1º ESO: Lista de reproducción de vídeos


Continentes y océanos: Video

Continents and Oceans

Our Earth is a very, very, very big place. It is covered by water and land

It has five huge oceans, where we can swim, and seven continents, where we can stand

Asia is the continent that has the most people. It's also the largest in size. It has the 50 highest mountains in the world - their peaks reach high into the skies.

Second largest is Africa. It's the hottest continent of all. It has the largest sandy desert in the world. And animals both large and small.

If Africa is the hottest, then which is the coldest? Anctartica -but it's so very cold. It's only home to seals, penguins, and other birds. Though there's snow, it's the driest, I'm told!

And which is the wettest? It's South America! Rainforest cover much of its face. Millions of animal species live there. You'll find them all over the place!

Our Earth is a very, very, very big place. It is covered by water and land

It has five huge oceans, where we can swim, and seven continents, where we can stand

Let's look at Australia. It's the smallest of continents. The fewest people call it home. Most of its land is the bushland and outback, where koalas and kangaroos roam.

Now on to Europe. Though it's rather small, it has dozens of famous old cities. Berlin, Madrid, Paris, London and Rome -Each city is uniquely pretty!

Last but not least is North America. It's the continent that I know best. It is the home of our own United States -A wonder from East Coast to West!

But let's not forget there are also five oceans. Please let me be quite specific. Their names are the Southern, Atlantic and Arctic, the Indian and the Pacific!

Our Earth is a very, very, very big place. It is covered by water and land

It has five huge oceans, where we can swim, and seven continents, where we can stand

I hope you learned something about all the continents. And the names of our five oceans. Hopefully, someday you will travel to each, but only if you get the notion!

Our Earth is a very, very, very big place. It is covered by water and land

It has five huge oceans, where we can swim, and seven continents, where we can stand


Unit 1. The Earth

Task 1. What is the Earth like?

Task 2. Does the Earth move?

Task 3. Which parts characterize the Earth?

Task 4. How is the Earth represented?

 

1.      The Earth is…

It is spherical, but flattened at the poles

2.      The Earth is composed by…

70% is water, and 30% is land

3.  Distances and sizes of the Earth

It is the 3rd (third) planet from the Sun, and 5th (fifth) in size

4.  Life exists through: 

- Temperature, allowing the liquid state of water. 

- Atmosphere, which protects against solar radiation.

5.  We call it "blue planet" because of…

 the amount of water, seen from space

6.     The Earth makes 2 movements:

-        Rotation

-        Revolution

7.     Explain the Earth’s rotation

Rotation: The Earth rotates on itself, from west to east: 24 hours is a day, alternating day and night. 

8. Explain the Earth’s revolution

Revolution: The Earth revolves around the sun from west to east as well, and takes 365 days, determining the seasons

9.     Define “equinoxe”

The equinoxes indicate same length of day and night. Spring and autumn

10.  Define “solstice”

The solstices indicate the maximum difference in length between day and night. 

11.  Equinoxes take part in…

Spring and Autumn

12.  Solstices take part in…

Winter and Summer

13.  Parallels and meridians

The parallels are to Equator. The meridians go from pole to pole, North and South. They are imaginary lines, which serve to locate points on the planet

14.  Main parallels

Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Equator, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle

15.  Main meridians

The meridian 0° or principal is that of Greenwich

16.  Range of the parallels

They are numbered from 0º to 90º

17.  Range of the meridians

They are numbered from 0º to 180º

18.  How could you know the time anywhere around the world?

We divided the globe (360º) in 24 strips or zones of 15 degrees each (24 x 15 = 360°) in order to establish a standard time (GMT), valid anywhere in the world

19.  Latitude and longitude

The geographic coordinate latitude and longitude are known, the first North or South, and the second, East or West 

20.  “Cartography” is…

…the science that produces maps,

21.  What is a map?

It is a representation of the Earth's surface, based on the descriptions of the navigators and explorers. 

22.  Scale of maps:

Because maps are smaller than the area they represent, we must keep a relationship with the actual size of that surface. 

23.  Scales you know

- Numerical scale

- Graphic scale

24.  Explain “numerical scale”

Numerical scale: The number indicates the map unit, and the denominator, its actual size

25.  Explain “graphic scale”

Graphic scale: We use a segmented straight line. We move a ruler on the map and know the distance between two points and equivalence with reality. 


 

 

Unit 2. The Earth’s relief

 

Task 1. What is the Earth’s relief like?

Task 2. How is the relief formed?

Task 3. Why does the relief change?

Task 4. What is the relief of the world like?

 

1.     Land area is…(tierras emergidas)

Land area is not covered by water.

 

2.     Submerged lands (aguas marinas)

They are covered by water, for example, the bottom of the seas, oceans, lakes...


In descending order, are Asia, America, Africa, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania

Pay attention to tectonic plates (clik here) 


We can through the continental shelf. (principales formas de relieve submarino)

 

The continents occupy 30% of the earth's crust, surrounded by oceans and seas

 

Oceans: In salt water, and connected to each other: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic and Antarctic Ice

 

Mountains, plains, plateaus, valleys, etc.., are the relief, which was formed millions of years ago

 

- Internal forces of the Earth, and plate movements, volcanoes, etc.,

- External influences such as wind, rain, inland waters (rivers, groundwater, lakes, ice)

 

Wind, rain, inland waters such as rivers, groundwater, lakes, ice, sea water and living organisms cause wear and modeling of landforms. 

 

 

   Plains: Large tracts of land, flat or undulating, low over the sea level. 

   Plateaus: They are plain, but elevated above the surrounding territory.

 

Inland waters: They are in the interior of continents

 

They can be fresh (rivers, lakes, groundwater...) or saline (salt) (inland seas)

 

1. Upper course, where born, is steeper and therefore more eroded its passageway

2. Middle course: It has a lower slope, usually curved or meandering, as it has to circumvent obstacles. 

3. Course in (low course): The end, where it deposits material that has been dragging, is the mouth.

 

If they are V-shaped, they are very narrow and deep, called gorges. If the walls are almost vertical and if they are very deep they are called canyons

 

 

It is due to seepage of rain water, rivers, streams ... that seeps into porous rocks to reach other impermeable, where it is deposited, forming aquifers

 

The underground caves to be found in Ruidera (ponds), for example, as well as stalactites and stalagmites occur because groundwater dissolved the limestone, causing karst

They are in the interior of continents, and can be fresh (rivers, lakes, groundwater ...) or saline (salt) (inland seas)

- Rivers

- Glaciers

- Groundwater

- Lakes and inland seas

 

  Gulf or Bay

  Capes

 

Continental shelf

Continental slope 

Abyssal plain

Oceanic trenches

Mid-ocean ridges

 

The rock material inside the earth, at elevated temperature, which is melted, leaving the outside: lava, along with gases, fire, smoke and ashes from the volcano, which is open on a crack Earth's surface

 

 

Ground shaking is the outward expression of an earthquake originated in the interior of the Earth, causing cracks and landslides

 

 

 

 

 

 

An earthquake can originate giant waves (tsunamis), which can leave an area devastated



 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 3 Climate and natural landscapes

Task 1. What elements make up the climate?

Task 2. Which phenomena occur in the atmosphere?

Task 3. What climates does the Earth have?

Task 4. How is water distributed?

Task 5. Which landscapes can be observed?

 

1.     What is the difference between “weather” and “climate”?

- Weather: State of the atmosphere at a given place at a particular time (cold, heat, rain...)

- Climate: periodic and repetitive succession of weather in a given area.


2. The temperatures vary with…

The temperature can vary from one point to another due to

- Latitude

- Altitude

- Proximity to sea

- Marine currents


3. The isotherms: they are…

Isotherms are lines connecting points on maps that have the same temperature.


4. We use a pluviometer to…

Measuring the amount of water per square meter

 

5. What are the “isohyets”?

The lines connecting points having the same rainfall are called isohyets

 

6. We use a           to measure the air pressure, and it is represented on a map with lines called               .

 

7. What is a weather vane?

Wind direction is indicated by the vane, and is expressed by saying the place of origin

 

8. An anemometer is used to…

Wind speed is measured by the anemometer, and is expressed in m/s or km/h. The still air is called "Peace."


9. What are the winds?

Air is displaced horizontally from the high pressure (anticyclones) to low pressure (depressions).


10.  Say the atmosphere levels, and where do take place meteorological phenomena

Composition of the atmosphere

It is divided into four levels, with different temperature each one.

-        Troposphere: Inner layer, in contact with the Earth’s surface. Temperature decreases with increasing latitude and most of the meteorological phenomena take place here.

-        Stratosphere: Temperature increases noticeably. The ozone prevents much of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation.

-        Mesosphere: A further decrease in temperature occurs here.

-        Ionosphere: Very high temperatures.

 

11.  Areas with a higher pressure…, what will be its weather?

Its weather is going to be warm, sunny, good, definitely. They are called antyciclones

 

12.  Areas with a lower pressure…, what will be its weather?

Its weather is going to be unstable and wet. They are called depressions

 

13.  When wet fronts are formed?

In contact areas between anticyclones and depressions, such as mid-latitudes, wet fronts are formed

 

14.  What did Coriolis say?

The air always goes from high pressure areas to low pressure areas, moving slightly to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere

 

15.  How many zones (hot & cold) do you know on the Earth’s surface? Where?

One Hot zone, between the two tropics

Two Cold zones, one in each hemisphere, located inside the polar circles

Two Temperate zones, one in each hemisphere, stretched between the tropics and the polar circles

 

16.  How many climates do you know? What are they?

Hot climates, temperate climates, cold climates

 

17.  What are the types of the hot climates?

Equatorial climate, tropical climate, desert climate

 

18.  What are the types of the temperate climates?

Oceanic or Atlantic climate, Continental climate, Mediterranean climate

 

19.  What are the types of the cold climates?

Polar climate, High Mountain climate

 

20.  What is the main difference between the Nile River and the Amazon River?

The Amazon River (America) has the most extensive basin on the Earth (it is the largest), and the Nile (Africa) is the longest river

 

21.  There are four great formations of vegetation… (write them)

Forest, Savannah, Grassland and Desert

 

22.  What is the main difference between the Mediterranean forest and the Atlantic forest?

An Atlantic forest is made up of deciduous trees, and a Mediterranean forest has small, evergreen trees

 

23.  Where is the grassland mainly?

In places with insufficient precipitations for the growth of trees, in the temperate zone

 

24.  Types of grassland. Where can we find them?

Steppe, at the edge of deserts

Tundra, in polar regions and in high mountain areas

 

25.  Say plants adapted to extreme drought conditions, and where are they.

Cactus, palm and esparto grass, in the desert

 

Unit 4 Natural environments: risks and advantages

Task 1. Does the natural environment determine the population?

Task 2. What effects do natural hazards cause on the population?

Task 3. How do people change the natural landscapes?

Task 4. What problems do human beings cause in the natural environment?

 

The climate, the altitude, the watercourses, the continentality, the soils

 

Plains tend to be favourable for human occupation, and temperatures decrease with altitude

 

Deserts, polar environments, rainforests and high mountain areas

 

Tropical environments and temperate environments

 

Any extreme phenomenon in the physical environment of an unpredictable nature

 

Drought, floods, cyclones

 

Typhoons in Asia and hurricanes in America

 

Eastern and southern Asia and the western coast of America

 

Torrential precipitations tend to cause significant changes in the level of rivers which cause catastrophic floods

 

All these landscapes which come from the alteration of the natural environment by humans are called cultural or humanized landscapes

 

The intervention of human groups in the environment is greater the higher their technological level

 

1 DesertificationBiological wealth of a certain area

2 Desertisation

a Soil & vegetation loss as a result of human activity

3 Environmental policy

b Soil & vegetation loss caused by any phenomena, man-made or naturalSustainable development

c The carried out by the general government to protect the environment and to prevent its deterioration

 

Water pollution, solid and liquid waste pollution, noise pollution

 

The felling of trees of useful woods and the clearing of lands for crop cultivation



 





Unit 5. Sparsely populated environment

 

Task 1. What are the polar regions like?

Task 2. What is the high mountain area like?

Task 3. What is the landscape in the desert like?

Task 4. What is life in deserts like?

Task 5. What is the landscape and the way of life in the jungle like?

 

Task 1

Winter is long and hard, and summer is practically nonexistent

Both have a polar climate


Precipitations are scarce and they fall in the form of snow

The Arctic region is an ocean permanently frozen, and Antarctica is a continent covered with ice and snow

It is a layer of ice in the Arctic region

It is an ice cap thousands of meters thick in the Antarctica

During the summer, the layer of ice melts, and it is developing a vegetation of tundra, on the edge of the polar domain, around the temperate zone

Arctic region: Eskimos or Inuit in Alaska, Northern Canada and Greenland, and the Lapps in Northern Scandinavia

Antarctica: Uninhabited. The only inhabitants of Antarctica are scientists

It restricts human activities to research for peaceful purposes

Task 2

Precipitations are abundant all the year round, and in winter they frequently fall as snow

Himalaya (Asia), Andes (America), Alps (Europe)

Temperatures drop as altitude increases (0.6 ºC per 100 meters)

Rains increase

Due to temperatures drop as altitude increases (0.6ºC per 100 m), while rains increase: as a result, we have terracing of vegetation.

Because of the worsening of the environmental conditions, few people live in the mountains.

The decrease in temperature is an improvement in the environmental conditions, which favours the settlement of human beings: mountains areas are highly populated.

 

Task 3

Sandy (sand), stony (stones) and rocky (rocks)

Hot (around the tropics) and cold (in the temperate zone)

It is the shortage of precipitations: this is aridity

The shortage of precipitations

Only a few plants have adapted to drought conditions, such as the cactus, heart of palm or esparto grass

Fauna is scarce and it is adapted to heat-cold and aridity: the camel and dromedary, or polar bear

 

Task 4

Nomadic population: living by hunting and gathering, from one place to another when the food runs out: Australian Aborigines, Tuareg in Sahara, Bedouin of Arabia, Mongols of the Gobi Desert

Sedentary population: It is concentrated on the coast (Estepona), in river valleys (Toledo) and oases (water and vegetation we can find), and they live in a same place, and they can work in agriculture.

Nomadic population: living by hunting and gathering, from one place to another when the food runs out: Australian Aborigines, Tuareg in Sahara, Bedouin of Arabia, Mongols of the Gobi Desert

It is concentrated on the coast (Estepona), in river valleys (Toledo) and oases (water and vegetation we can find), and they live in a same place, and they can work in agriculture.

We can find minerals and hydrocarbons: oil, natural gas...

 

Task 5.  The jungle

Because of the climate, equatorial rivers are regular and they are the largest rivers in the world: the Amazon, in South America, and the Congo, in Africa

It’s a dense, green forest, characterized by a great diversity of plant species and animal species

The vegetation is terraced in levels

It’s a dense, green forest, characterized by a great diversity of plant species and animal species

Because of heat and humidity, diseases are frequent, the vegetation is lush and the soil is fragile

There are large, practically uninhabited areas, with primitive peoples: natives of Amazonia, Pygmies of central Africa, Southeast Asia and Oceania. They still mainly engaged in hunting and gathering

A jungle area is cut down and burnt to enrich the soil with ash and to plant crops without ploughing; then, the land is used for a couple of years and afterwards it is left fallow and another area is burnt

It is carried out on large farms, which are generally owned by foreign companies, where only one product is cultivated (monoculture): sugar cane, bananas, coffee…

Traditional and itinerant agriculture, plantation agriculture

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 6 Highly populated environment

Task 1 What is the savannah like?

Tropical rivers have low levels in the dry season and high levels in the rainy season. Zambezi River, in Africa

Is located around the tropics

By constant, very hot temperatures

And abundant precipitations

No, because there is a dry season and a wet season

It is a vast expanse of grass that can reach several metres in height and that changes colour according to the season: green in the wet and yellow in the dry

Near the deserts, the dry season lasts more than nine months and the savannah is replaced by the steppe, which is made up of short grasses and thorny shrubs

Most of the population of the savannah lives in the countryside, although urban population is progressively increasing

They can be nomadic, like the Masai, or sedentary

Low-yield agriculture, dry farming and characterized by polyculture

The growing of all the products necessary for the family’s survival in the same plot, divided into several parts and every year a different product is cultivated in each one of them

The increase in population in the savannah makes the increase of the cultivated area necessary, which is causing the desertisation of the savannah

 

 

Task 2. What is monsoon Asia like?

There are 2    types of monsoon winds:  winter monsoon and summer monsoon

The winter monsoon is  cold and dry

 

The winter monsoon blows from  the continent to the ocean . (places)

It gives rise to abundant precipitations, even higher than 10,000 mm per year

Because of the monsoons, a hot and rainy season (summer) and a cool and dry season (winter) alternate in this area

This area is highly populated, and the population has converted many forests into cropland, especially for rice

It requires the construction of irrigation ditches and water containment dikes

It produces a large crop in a little space, and it feeds a great number of people

Droughts and floods caused by the monsoon force thousands of peasants to leave the countryside and to emigrate to the cities (Calcutta, India), in search of work and better living conditions

Task 3 What is the temperate oceanic domain like?

It is found mostly on the western coasts of Europe and America. Summers are cool and winters are mild

It has mild temperatures all the year because of the influence of the ocean

The mild climate, fertile soils and abundant resources have favoured human occupation and activities from time immemorial: Western Europe

Space organized around a city, generally large

These are fields enclosed by walls or hedges, because the existence of animals in these fields.

Just one product: milk, corn, meet, in small farms.

 

Task 4 What is the temperate continental domain like?

Winter is very cold and summer is very hot

The natural vegetation is made up of coniferous forests (taiga) in the north and grassland in the south. The steppe is made up of short grasses

It is very uneven: grassland are quite populated, while the population in the taiga is scarce

These are fields opened, because the nonexistence of animals in these fields: continental Europe.

 

Task 5 What is the temperate Mediterranean domain like?

It’s very high temperatures in summer and mild temperatures in winter

This agriculture is dry farming. Main crops are wheat, vines and olive trees, although we can see irrigated agriculture thanks to the use of irrigation systems, like canals, and modern techniques, like cultivation under plastic.


DON'T FORGET:


See this map. Use it to study where climates are located.

 

 

 

Unit 7. The continents: Physical survey

(With the prove, you have to give a physical map of each continent)

Task 1: What is the landscape in Africa like?

The great African plateau

The plains

The mountain systems

It stretches from the south of Africa to the Red Sea, and it has a limited altitude

Atlas Mountains in the northwest

Drakensberg in the south

Ahaggar Mountains and the Tibesti, in the Sahara

The rivers of the Atlantic watershed: Congo, Niger. Long rivers, and abundant water

The rivers of the Mediterranean watershed: Nile. Narrow and short course, except the Nile, the longest river on Earth

The rivers of the Indian watershed: Limpopo and Zambezi. Shorter than those of the Atlantic Ocean

 

Task 2 What is the landscape in America like?

The mountains: Rocky Mountains, Andes Mountains

The plains: The great American plains between the eastern and western chains

The plateau: Bolivian Altiplano, in the Andes

Meseta: Plateau

Llanura: Plain

Montaña: Mountain

Cordillera: Chain

Colina: Hill

 

The cold climates: In the mountains and ends of America (north and south)

The temperate climates: The continental climate, the oceanic climate, the Mediterranean climate

The hot climates: Equatorial, tropical and desert climates follow one another from Equator to the poles

The Arctic Ocean watershed: Yukon and McKenzie rivers

The Atlantic Ocean watershed: The Amazon (the largest in the world), Río de la Plata, Mississippi-Missouri

The Pacific Ocean watershed: Colorado River

 

Task 3 What is the landscape in Asia like?

The mountains (Himalaya), central area

The plateau and plains: Tibet, the highest plateau in the world, central area

The depressions: Caspian, Aral, Dead Sea (the deepest depression), in the West

The cold climates: Northern part of the continent

The temperate climates: Asia is situated to the north of the Tropic of Cancer: Continental climate (north). Mediterranean climate (Eastern Chinese)

The hot climates: In the south. Equatorial climate. Tropical monsoon climate. Desert climate from Arabia to India

Yes, we can find a type of Mediterranean climate, inside of the temperate climates, eastern of China.

The Arctic watershed: Obi, Yenisey, Lena

The Pacific watershed: Huang Ho or Yellow River, Yangtze Kiang or Blue River

The Mediterranean watershed: Practically dry due to the shortage of rains

The Indian watershed: Ganges, Indus

 

Task 4 What is the landscape in Europe like?

European relief is predominantly flat. Europe is the continent with the lowest average altitude, after Oceania

The pre-Alpine mountain ranges: In the north and east. Scandinavian Mountains and the Ural Mountains

The central plains: Central area of Europe. The Atlantic, the Baltic and the East European plains

The Alpine mountain ranges: An arch along the Mediterranean coast: the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathian, the Balkan Mountains and the Caucasus

The oceanic climate: Atlantic side

The Mediterranean climate: the coast of the Mediterranean Sea

The continental climate: It stretches over the centre and east

The polar climate: Above the Arctic Circle

The high mountain climate: In the highest summits

Arctic watershed: Northern Dvina

Atlantic watershed: Vistula, Elbe, Rhine, Seine, Tajo

Mediterranean watershed: Ebro

Black Sea watershed: Danube

Caspian Sea watershed: Volga, Ural

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 8: Spain: landscape

 

Task 1 The relief in Spain

The Iberian Peninsula is a great Central Plateau, and some mountain systems cross this plateau, other systems surround it, and others are situated on the periphery.

The systems which cross the Plateau are the Central System and the Toledo Mountains

The systems which surround the Plateau are the Galician Massif, Cantabrian Range, Iberian System and Sierra Morena

The systems which are situated on the periphery of the Plateau are the Pyrenees, Coastal-Catalan System and Betic Systems

Balearic Islands and Canary Islands

The Balearic Islands (except Menorca) are an extension of the Betic Systems, and the Canary Islands archipelago has a volcanic origin.

Ciudades Autónomas de Ceuta and Melilla

 

Task 2 Atlantic Spain landscape

From Galicia to Pyrenees

Northwest: Galician Massif, León Mountains

Centre: Cantabrian Range

Northeast: Pyrenees

Yes, because of the proximity of the mountains to the sea, most of the coasts are high

They are always temperate, because of the proximity of the sea: winters are cool, and summers are warm.

Nervion (Basque Country)

Besaya (Cantabria)

Sella, Nalón (Asturias)

Miño (Galicia)

 

Task 3 Mediterranean Spain landscape

North: Coastal-Catalan System

Centre: Iberian System

South: Betic Systems

Summers are hot and winters are temperate and short.

Mediterranean watershed: Júcar, Segura, Ebro (the longest and largest river in Spain)

Atlantic watershed: Guadalquivir

 

Task 4 Mediterranean inland landscape

Inland Spain extends through Extremadura, Castilla-La Mancha, Madrid, Castilla y León, Aragón, La Rioja and Navarra

The Central System, Toledo Mountains, Galician Massif, Cantabrian Range, Iberian System and Sierra Morena

The main plains are located around the rivers which cross the Plateau: La Mancha is one of the largest plains

prevails the climate continental Mediterranean     

its temperatures are      extreme.

very hot in summer and very cold in winter 

Duero, in the North Subplateau

Tajo and Guadiana, in the South Subplateau

 

Task 5 Canary Islands landscape

Prov. Sta. Cruz de Tenerife: Tenerife, La Palma, Gomera y Hierro

Prov. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote

The western islands are very mountainous, and the eastern islands are mostly flat

The difference between them is very small, because of the proximity of the Tropic of Cancer (near of Equator).

There are no rivers, but torrents: when it rains, water flows along ravines

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

En el examen, entrega de los mapas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HUANG-HO OR YELLOW RIVER

YANGTZE KIANG or BLUE RIVER

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Webs:

http://teachersnetwork.org/powertolearn/web/Prehistory%20Web%20Quest/ (Prehistory)

http://sd71.bc.ca/sd71/school/courtmid/turner/socialsev/mesopotam/index.htm (Mesopotamia)

http://ieslamadraza.com/elena/websociales/1eso/primerascivilizaciones1/mesopotamiayegipto1.html (Mesopotamia)

http://education.iupui.edu/webquests/egypt/aegypt.htm (Egypt)

http://teachers.cr.k12.de.us/~galgano/greecewq.htm (Greece)

http://www.librarybcds.com/6WQrome/6WQrome.html (Rome)

 

Unit 9: Prehistory

Unit 10: First civilizations

Unit 11: Egypt

 

Unit 12: Ancient Greece

Unit 13: Greek civilization

 

Unit 14: Roman Empire

Unit 15: Roman civilization

Unit 16: Iberian Peninsula

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 9 Life in Prehistory (video)

Stages

Task 1 Who were our ancestors?

It is the period from the origin of the human being (five million years ago) to the invention of writing (6000 years ago).

Palaeolithic Age: They used tools of stone and lived on hunting and gathering.=> (They were nomadic people)

Neolithic Age: They started to live in villages and practice agriculture (sedentary) and cattle raising.

Metal Age: They learnt to use metals to make objects (cupper, bronze and iron)

To do by punished pupils

Link

-        Australopithecus: similar to chimpanzees.

-        Homo habilis: They made tools of stone and lived on hunting and gathering.

-        Homo erectus: They made the same as homo habilis, but discovered fire too.

-        Homo sapiens: There are two subtypes: Neanderthal, similar to us but more sturdy, and Homo Sapiens, the species we belong to.

Homo erectus: Africa, Asia, Europe. Homo sapiens: America and Australia.

Great cerebral development, biped walk, opposable thumb, symbolic language, long childhood.

 

Task 2 What happened in the Palaeolithic Age?

People moving from place to place, in searching of hunting, fishing and gathering, in Palaeolithic Age.

They knocked two stones together until they got small pieces or stone chips, to cut animals’ skins and meat.

They also used wood and animal bones to make harpoons, lances, etc

Heat their caves, light this caves, cook food and drive animals away.

They believe in the existence of supernatural forces: in order to make these divinities propitious, they decorated their caves with paintings and made sculptures, like Venus

Cave art is the reliefs and paintings made on the walls, ceiling or floor of caves during the Palaeolithic Age. Examples: Altamira and Lascaux

 

Task 3 The Neolithic Age: the first human revolution

This was a radical change in governance, daily life, economic and/or social organization. (This, in every revolution along the time)

Agriculture and cattle raising. Sedentary people, too=> villages

Fabrics and pottery

Hoes, sickles and hand mills

 

Task 4 Changes in the Metal Age

1.     Copper (pure); 2. Bronze (copper + tin); 3. Iron (pure)

The wheel (carts), the sail (using the force of the wind), and the plough

Houses, stores, shops or workshops

In greek language: mega > great; liths > stone

-        Menhir: Big and long stones vertically thrust into the ground.

-        Dolmen: Big and long vertical stones, which formed a wall and were covered by several horizontal slabs.

-        Cromlech: Wide circles formed by several menhirs and/or dolmens.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 10- The first civilizations

Task 1 Prehistory evolving into History

It was necessary a system to keep the data to the governments, about taxes, trade transactions…

Because they developed along the banks of large rivers (Mesopotamia: Tigris & Euphrates; Egypt: Nile; India: Indus; China: Yellow and Blue rivers).

Strong political power (king with civil servants and large armies)

Hierarchical society (privileged people, the less, and majority of subjugated people)

Great artistic development, because kings can pay for it.

 

Task 2 -The first empires emerging

Mandarins in China, and scribes in Mesopotamia and Egypt.

Regulate the relations between inhabitants, such as the code of Hammurabi, the first in the world.

Northern Mesopotamia (Assyria) and Southern Mesopotamia (Akkad, which is inhabited by Akkadians and Sumerians)

 

Task 3- The society in the first civilizations

Each person was devoted to a particular job and provided themselves with other necessities at the market.

Barter. It means the interchange of products.

The aristocracy (the king, his family and the nobility)

The priests (they were in charge of the religious rituals)

The civil servants (scribes)

Frees: They had rights

Slaves: They had no rights

Peasants: They rented the lands that belonged to the king or the rest of the privileged groups

Craftsmen: They worked in workshops: carpenters, goldsmiths, perfumers, etc.

Women: They had no rights. They were not free. They cannot belong anything. They were a men’s possession.

 

Task 4- The culture in Mesopotamia

Link

It’s a tower of several stages, and it’s a temple, the gods’ residence on Earth.

An joined Ki (the first, the heaven god, and the second, the Earth goddess). As a result, Enlil, god of the atmosphere, protector of human beings. Enlil joined Ninlil, and as a result, the rest of the gods, which were human-shaped, and were inmortal.

Yes. They made scribe training. From elementary (learn to read and write) to the most advanced (the art of writing and learn other subjects). The richest people and just men could go.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 11: Another ancient civilization: Egypt

Task 1-Where did ancient Egypt develop?

We have Upper Egypt, along the River Nile in a narrow valley, and Lower Egypt, in a wide delta, the first at the South, and the second to the North.

Link

-        Old Empire (Khufu, Khafra and Menkaura: Keops, Kefrén y Mikerinos) > they ordered to build the great pyramids.

-        Middle Empire: Nubia in South Egypt is conquered by the pharaohs.

-        New Empire: Thutmose III and Rameses II extended themselves to the East: Palestine, Syria.

Egypt was dominated by foreign peoples (Persians and Greeks), and finally, by the Romans in the 1st century BC.

 

BC = Before Christ (Antes de Cristo: a.C.)

AD = Anno Domini After Christ (Después de Cristo: d.C.)

 

Overflowed and flooded the fields: The fields went the water moved back, they left a slime which was a fertile for cultivation.

Dams and canals: The dams to hold back the waters of the river. The canals carried water to the farthest arable lands.

Sailing ships: The sailing ships went along the river to transport both people and goods.

 

Task 2- How was Egypt ruled?

His son succeeded him, thus forming dynasties: Thirty one of them followed one another in the history of Egypt.

-        Noblemen (members of the pharaoh’s family, and people with large pieces of land given them by the pharaoh)

-        Priests (they controlled the religious rites, who had large pieces of land too)

-        Vizier: He was a prime minister who helped the pharaoh.

-        Scribes: They could read, write and count, so they wrote official documents.

 

Task 3-How did the majority of the population live?

They lived poorly in small houses, cultivating the pharaohs’ lands, using a new tool, the plough. They participated in the construction of pyramids during the season of the Nile floods.

Sailors

They travelled by sailing ship

Soldiers

They fought in wars

Craftsmen

Stone carvers, sculptors, goldsmiths, carpenters…

Merchants

They used barter, and sold products too

Slaves

They had no rights, and could be prisoners of war

 

Task 4-What was the Egyptian religion like?

They believed in many Gods: The principal is Ra (the Sun). Amun (or Atum) (Tell-el-Amarna cism, with Amenofis IV). Other important Gods were Isis, Osiris, and Horus.

They thought it was necessary to preserve the order of the universe: location of the stars in the sky, or the annual floods of the Nile. Famous temples are Karnak and Luxor (Thebes), and Abu Simbel.

Link

-        Stone pyramids: Inside of them there was a funeral chamber (Giza: Khufu, Khafra and Menkaura => Keops, Kefrén y Micerinos)

-        Hypogea: Tombs excavated inside a mountain, whose entrance was camouflaged to protect them from thieves (Hatshepsut, King’s Valley).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 12 Ancient Greece

What territories did the Greek world consist of?

1. What a “Polis” is? Examples.

It is an independent city, with its own government, laws and army. The main of them are Sparta and Athens.

2. What a “colony” is?

Because the Greek population increased greatly, and the cities were unable to feed all their inhabitants, small groups went across the Mediterranean and founded colonies, in order to live there.

3. All of the Greeks belonged to the same civilization. Why?

They shared a common language, religion and culture.

4. Explain the “end” of the Greek civilization.

King Philip II of Macedonia conquered the Greek polis, and his son Alexander the Great conquered Persia, Syria, Egypt and Mesopotamia, and the Indus River. So, the Greeks are in Africa and Asia.

 

What was the history of the Greeks?

5. Periods of ancient Greece. Explain them.

-        The Archaic Age: The polis were created and they expanded through a great part of the Mediterranean.

-        The Classical Age: The Greek polis despite the attacks of neighbouring peoples. These polis, Sparta and Athens, faced a civil war, leading to disunity and crisis.

-        The Hellenistic Age: The power of Sparta and Athens was poor, so Philip II conquered Greece, and his son, Alexander, was the king of this kingdom, and when he died, his generals divided the kingdom into several ones (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Macedonia). This is called: The age of  “DIÁDOCOS”.

 

Why was Athens the main polis?

6. Why was Athens the main polis?

Athens defeated Persia during the Persian Wars. Athens was the leader of the Delian League (to protect other Greek polis). Athens controlled Greek trade. Athens was leaded by Pericles, and was defeated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War.

7. Athens was the place of theatre…

Euripides, Sophocles and Aeschylus (Eurípides, Sófocles y Esquilo)

8. Athens was the place of buildings…

Pheidias (Fidias)

9. Athens was the place of philosophy…

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (Sócrates, Platón, Aristóteles)

10.  Athens was the place of education…

From the age of seven children learnt to read and write and were trained in arithmetic and music. Fourteenth young went to the gym, the academy and the lyceum. Girls did not attend school.

11.  Politic system in Athens. Institutions

Democracy:     

-        Assembly or Ekklesia: They voted by a show of hands four times a month for passing laws or electing governors.

-        Magistrates: They made the decisions of the Assembly. The strategoi headed the army and navy. The archons presided over the courts.

-        Courts of justice: 6.000 citizens elected every year, from 40.000 citizens (350.000 inhabitants: women, foreigners and slaves were not citizens)

 

 

Who did the Greeks fight against?

12.  Who did the Greeks fight against?

They fought not only against neighbouring peoples (Persian) but also among themselves (civil wars: Athens versus Sparta)

13.  Why did Athens fight against Persia?

The Persian (Cyrus the Great) conquered the Greek polis in Asia, as well as all the coastal islands, except Samos. The Persian wars confirmed the supremacy of Athens and Sparta within the Greek world.

14.  Why did Athens fight against Sparta? What kind of war is it?

This was a civil war: Greeks against Greeks. Sparta was an oligarchy (government of richest men) and Athens was a democracy. They fought each other for the supremacy in the region.

15.  What was the result of the Sparta-Athens war?

Sparta won, and its dominion was more oppressive than that of Athens, so this one and other Greek polis revolted against Sparta.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 13 Greek civilization

What was life in Athens like?

-        The agora: It’s a big public square, where the Athenians gathered to have a walk and chat.

-        The acropolis: Walled and high space with the temples and other main buildings (shelter in case of war, too)

It was reserved for women only and they hardly emerged from it.

Yes, silver coins: drachmas

-        Citizens (whose mothers and fathers were Athenian)

-        Non-citizens:

o   Foreigners: They were free, paid taxes and formed part of the army.

o   Slaves: They were not free, prisoners of war or slaves’ children.

o   Women: Could be free or slaves, always guarded by a man (father, brother or husband)

 

What were the rituals and beliefs of ancient Greece?

A force of nature (Poseidon, God of the Sea), a profession (Hermes, God of the trade) or activity and was responsible for a particular city (Athenea, Goddess of Athens)

They were sons of a God and a mortal (Hercules), founders of cities and the origin of families.

Stories about gods and heroes (Achiles)

Signals that indicated future events

Messages from the gods that could be interpreted by fortunellers

It is a series of acts to express religious beliefs, showing respect or gratitude or could also be a way to ask for help or advice to gods.

 

How did daily life change in the Hellenistic Age?

It is the expansion of Greek culture in Asia and the north of Africa. This is the third period, after the Archaic Age, and the Classical Age.

It is a way to achieve the unity of his empire: mixing temples (Egyptian) with synagogues (Jews)

 

What was Greek art like?

-        Proportion and harmony (mathematical rules)

-        Human sized (not too big)

-        Made of stone (marble painted in bright red and blue)

-        Not arches

-        Doric, Ionic and Corinthian

-        Archaic Age: Very static (kuros, korai)

-        Classical Age: Movement in the human body (discus thrower)

-        Hellenistic Age: People’s feelings (Victory of Samothrace, Laocoonte)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 14.- The Roman Empire

What do we call the Roman Empire?

It is an extensive territory under the government of the city of Rome.

The Etruscans (centre of Italy) conquered the seven hills and turned the small villages into a real city: Rome.

-        Monarchy (Etruscan period): A king assisted by a Senate

-        Republic: Romans threw out the Etruscan monarchs and established it (509 BC).

-        Empire: 500 years

 

The Monarchy and the Republic

Assemblies of roman citizens where laws were voted on and magistrates were elected

Citizens, who had the power to manage, judge or lead the army. The consuls were the most important magistrates.

Rome versus Carthago (led by Hannibal). Rome won

-        Patricians: Landowners, participating in the Senate, occupying the highest political position

-        Plebeians: Foreigners, immigrants, traders, farmers, craftsmen. The largest group, could not participate in politics

-        Slaves: Prisoners of war did not have rights. They were property of their owners. They could buy their freedom.

This is a period of corruption. Some generals gained a lot of influence: Julius Caesar, who was assassinated => civil war => Octavius became the first emperor.

 

What was the history of the empire?

The first citizen, Octavius Augustus, which means divine, with all of power: military and religious leader, presented the laws, established taxes and decided on war and peace.

It was organised into provinces, with governors appointed by the emperor.

They founded cities, built roads, used their language (Latin) and their laws (Roman law)

 

What was life like during the empire?

Into legions made up legionaries

They were between 17 and 46. They were given land in some of the conquered territories

They were citizens and non-citizens. The first had all rights (they could own property, go to trials, vote, getting married)

Only the inhabitants of Rome were citizens. Then, it extended to the Italian peninsula, and the Emperor Caracalla extended this right to all free men.

 

Why did the Roman Empire go into crisis?

The roman army defended the “limes” or borders: the Germanic peoples (barbarian) in the north, and the Persians in the east.

Richest people left the cities in search of security. Poor moved to the country (provisions were easier to find)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit 15 Roman civilization

What was life like in the cities?

-        Domus: Influential people live in, organized around an atrium or central open courtyard.

-        Insulae: Constructions with six or eight floors, with small houses, inhabited by the humblest people.

-        Craftwork: In the workshops of potters, weavers, blacksmiths, dyers…

-        Strong development of trade: agricultural, mineral and hand crafted products. They used coins. They built a network of roads (Vía Augusta, Vía de la Plata –Spain-, Vía Apia –Rome-).

They were to shows in theatres, baths, amphitheatres and circuses: Fights to the death between gladiators, horse-pulled chariot races…

 

What was life like in the countryside?

The villa: The owner of the lands lives in. It has the house or “domus”, plus the houses of tenant farmers who worked the lands, and stables, warehouses…

-        Small farms: During the conquest of Italy, when lands of defeated peoples were divided among the Roman citizens.

-        Large farms: Most of the labour used was slave labour. The production was stored in silos.

Wheat, vines and olive trees, the basis of the diet

There were open-face mines and mines worked through galleries

Mineral extraction, washing and smelting

High, because activities of mineral extraction, washing and smelting were carried out in the mining district itself.

Gold mines and some silver mines. The rest, were rented to individuals for their exploitation

 

How did the Romans build?

-        Cardo: From North to South

-        Decumanus: From East to West

The main square, was placed at the intersection of cardo and decumanus, where the most important buildings were located

Capitol: Principal temple

Curia: Meeting place of the Senate

Basilica: Business transactions and legal proceedings

Because they were monumental and practical

Buildings for leisure: theatres, amphitheatres, circuses, thermal baths

Commemorative monuments: triumphal arches and columns in memory

Public works: roads, bridges, reservoirs, aqueducts, harbors

Household spirits each family worshipped

Spirits of their ancestors each family worshipped, and Lares and Penates too

Person who predicts the future from the song or flight of birds

 

What were the first days of Christianity like?

In Greek, happy message, the Jesus message of peace

-        Only one God

-        People should love each other and forgive each other

-        An eternal life in the kingdom of God

A threat for roman peace, because they did not practice the cult of the emperor and they mixed both poor and rich people

To meet secretly in the catacombs

-        Constantine granted religious freedom to the Christians in 313 AD

-        The first basilicas were built for worship

-        Theodosius declared Christianity the only official religion of the Roman Empire

-        The non-Christians were called pagans

 

 

 

Unit 16 The Iberian peninsula in Antiquity

Who were the Iberians and the Celts?

1. Peoples in the Iberian peninsula before the Romans

Iberian and Celts

2. Iberians: where did they live?

They lived near rivers, in villages in high areas (for defense), rectangular plan and lined up in streets

3. Iberians: how did they live?

Into tribes, ruled by a king or “regulus”. Nobles owned the best lands. Warriors. The rest were farmers, craftsmen, traders and slaves

4. Iberians: economy

It was based on agriculture: cereals, wines and olive trees. Cattle raising. Mining (gold and silver: Cástulo)

5. Iberians: trade

They developed an intense commercial activity with the Phoenician and Greek colonies established in the same territory

6. Iberians: Gods and believing

Their main deities were women, and they cremated their dead and put their ashes in urns

7. The Celts: Who and where did they live?

They were an Indo-European people that settled between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC in the lands of the Central Plateau and on the Atlantic coast of the Peninsula, living with the Cantabrians and the Vascones

http://sdrv.ms/THvAxr

 

8. The Celts: They lived in…

They lived in fortified compounds (castros), high, walled villages, with houses with a circular plan, built in stone and adobe, covered with branches and straw.

9. The celtic economy

It was mainly pastoral, although they also practiced cereal agriculture and hunting

10. The celtic social organization

It was tribal. Several families formed a clan. Several clans formed a tribe, with a minority holding the greatest wealth

11. Celtics: Gods and believing

They worshipped the heavenly bodies, elements of nature and some animals (horse and bull), and performed, like the Iberians, the cremation of their dead

 

What peoples colonized the Iberian Peninsula before the Romans?

12.  What peoples colonized the Iberian Peninsula before the Romans?

-        Tartessos, in the Guadalquivir Valley, Andalucia and Murcia

-        Phoenicians, coming from the present-day Lebanon, looking for the mining wealth of Tartessos, and founding Gadir (Cádiz)

-        Greeks founded colonies for trade reasons: Saguntum, Rhode –Rosas-, Emporion –Ampurias-, which means “market”

-        The Carthaginians –successors of the Phoenicians-, founded Carthago Nova –Cartagena- and Ebysos –Ibiza-, and finally were defeated by Rome in the Punic Wars.

 

How was Roman Hispania organized?

13. The conquest of Hispania

Rome defeated Carthago in the Punic Wars, and fought in Hispania for two centuries, because the Iberian and Celtic peoples put up strong resistance. The conquest finished after the end of the Cantabrian Wars

14. Rome divided Hispania

Three provinces:

o   Baetica. Capital Corduba

o   Lusitania. Capital Emerita Augusta

o   Tarraconensis. Capital Tarraco

15. Hispano-Roman society

-        Free men and slaves

16. The Roman economy in Hispania

-        Agriculture: Wheat, vines and olive trees

-        Mining: Silver in Sierra Morena, copper and mercury from Huelva, iron from the north, gold from the northwest

-        Industry: amphoras, oil, wine, fish salting

-        Trade: Wheat, oil, salted fish and wine were exported to Rome, while luxury goods were imported. Coin: denarius

 

How did the Romanization of Hispania occur?

17. Romanization is…

It is the process of assimilating Roman culture by the peoples that lived in the peninsula before the conquest

18. The Romanization process was stronger…where and why?

Andalucía and the Mediterranean coast, because the population was already used to contact with other peoples, than in the Cantabrian lands, for instance

19.  Explain the network (roads, ways) that contributed to Romanization

A network of roads and bridges: the Silver Way (from western Andalucía to Galicia), the Augusta Way (from south of Hispania to Rome, and the Alcántara bridge

Aqueducts: Segovia

Theatres: Emerita Augusta, Tarraco and Saguntum

Amphitheatres: Emerita Augusta, Itálica

20. Explain the end of the Roman presence in Hispania

Swabians, Alans and Vandals invaded the Iberian Peninsula in the 5th century, and the Visigoths settled in most of the peninsular territory








REPASO DE LAS UNIDADES DIDÁCTICAS ESTUDIADAS

Unit 1 Planet Earth and its representation

1. Flattened, 30% land, Solar system, all planets, galaxy, life on Earth depends...

2. Two movements. Days and nights. Seasons. Leap year. Cardinal points. Compass. Spring equinox and autumn equinox. Winter solstice and  Summer solstice.

3. Parallels and Meridians. Equator. Greenwich. Latitude. Longitude.

4. Cartography. Projection. Types of map projection and their use. Types of maps (examples: 4 at least) Street maps and plans: differences. Scale can be expressed... Numeric scale. Graphic scale. Three kinds of scale

5. Time zone is... GMT. What time is in New York at the time?

1. Planet Earth: It's almost a perfect sphere, but flattened at the poles. 30% is land (continents and islands) and 70% is water (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers).

Solar system: Eight planets and the Sun. From closest to furthest: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune (Pluto is no longer considered a planet because of its small size).

Our solar system is located in a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way.

A galaxy is made up of a combination of planets, stars, gas clouds and cosmic dust.

Life on Earth depends on:

- Distance from the Sun which creates the appropiate temperature.

- Water supports life and is essential for survival

- Atmosphere: a layer of gases which surrounds the Earth and protects life from dangerous solar radiation.

2. The Earth's movements

Rotation: It turns on its own axis, a tilted axis. Its effect is days and nights in 24 hours

Revolution: It's the movement of the Earth around the Sun, creating an elongated or elliptical orbit. 365 days and 6 hours to complete one revolution.

A leap year has 366 days (every 4 years we add one day to the month of February, from 28 days to 29).

-Spring: Equinox. Days and nights the same length, 12 hours. Southern hemisphere: Autumn.

-Summer: Solstice. Days longest and hottest. Southern hemisphere: Winter

-Autumn: Equinox. Days and nights the same length, 12 hours. Southern hemisphere: Spring.

-Winter: Solstice. Days shortest and coldest. Southern hemisphere: Summer.

Solstice and Equinox

3. Geographic coordinates: They are imaginary lines, called parallels that circle the Earth parallel to the Equator, and meridians, imaginary semi-circles that go from pole to pole.

Latitude is the angular distance between any point on Earth and the Equator. North and South.

Longitude is the angular distance between any point on the Earth and prime meridian or Greenwich meridian.

Exercises here

4. The representation of the Earth

Map projections

Map projections: 

Cylindrical (the whole world)

Conical (just one hemisphere)

Flat, planar (one of the poles)

The Earth's representation (Mercator)

Types of maps: 

-Topographic maps: everything in detail: relief, cities, towns, roads...

-Thematic maps: Political (borders in countries), physical (rivers, mountains...)

-Street maps: monuments, museums, metro lines

-Plans: Interior of buildings: hospitals

Scale: The relation between the size of the area represented on the map and the real size.

1;50.000.000: It represents continents, or the whole world

1:10.000: It represents a city

5. Time zones 

The Earth: 1 round: 360º = 24 h.

360 / 24 = 15º each strip

Explanation

The prime meridian or Greenwich meridian is the starting point for the time zones around the world. It is called GMT (Greenwich Mean Time). If you travel east from this point you add an hour for every time zone you cross. But if you travel west, you subtract an hour for each time zone (or 15º of longitude)

Time Zones

http://entendiendolageografia.blogspot.com.es/2011/09/ejercicios-de-escalas.html

https://es.educaplay.com/es/coleccion/4571/1/coordenadas_geograficas.htm

http://laimprentadeclio.blogspot.com.es/2015/10/ejercicio-practico-sobre-coordenadas.html

1. Flattened, 30% land, Solar system, all planets, galaxy, life on Earth depends...

2. Two movements. Days and nights. Seasons. Leap year. Cardinal points. Compass. Spring equinox and autumn equinox. Winter solstice and  Summer solstice.

3. Parallels and Meridians. Equator. Greenwich. Latitude. Longitude.

4. Cartography. Projection. Types of map projection and their use. Types of maps (examples: 4 at least) Street maps and plans: differences. Scale can be expressed... Numeric scale. Graphic scale. Three kinds of scale

5. Time zone is... GMT. What time is in New York at the time?

Unit 2

1. Three layers in the Earth. Explain them. Magma. Core parts. Molten rock. 

2. Relief. Orogeny. Lithosphere. Folds. Faults. Volcanoes. Earthquakes.

3. Shaping of relief (water, wind, extreme temperatures, human beings). Coastal relief. Fluvial relief. Karst relief. Landforms created by water (explain them)

4. Types of relief on Earth. Continental relief: types. Define Mountain, mountain range, sierra, plateau, plain, valley, depression and hill.

The coast is...  Define Archipelago, ria, peninsula, gulf, bay, cove, beach, cape, delta, marshes, lagoon, cliff, estuary

Continental shelf, continental slope, abyssal plain, ocean ridges, ocean trenches

5. Geological hazards. Volcanoes: main parts. Types of volcanoes. Earthquakes. Main parts of an Earthquake. Richter scale. Tidal wave

1. Three layers in the Earth. Explain them. Magma. Core parts. Molten rock. 

2. Relief. Orogeny. Lithosphere. Folds. Faults. Volcanoes. Earthquakes.

3. Shaping of relief (water, wind, extreme temperatures, human beings). Coastal relief. Fluvial relief. Karst relief. Landforms created by water (explain them)

4. Types of relief on Earth. Continental relief: types. Define Mountain, mountain range, sierra, plateau, plain, valley, depression and hill.

The coast is...  Define Archipelago, ria, peninsula, gulf, bay, cove, beach, cape, delta, marshes, lagoon, cliff, estuary

Continental shelf, continental slope, abyssal plain, ocean ridges, ocean trenches

5. Geological hazards. Volcanoes: main parts. Types of volcanoes. Earthquakes. Main parts of an Earthquake. Richter scale. Tidal wave

1. Structure:

Three layers: Crust, mantle, core.

Crust: Continents, sea and ocean floors.

Mantle: Rocks melting, in a semi-solid state: magma

Core: More than 1000 ºC

    Outer core: rock is molten rock (liquid)

    Inner core: solid. Iron with some nickel and other minerals.

2. How relief is formed?

Plains, valleys, depressions and mountains are called relief.

Orogeny: result of the forces of enormous pressure from the Earth's interior (emerged land: continents, or submerged land: ocean floors).

The litosphere is divided into a series of large blocks: tectonic plates: giant puzzle whose pieces are the continents and ocean floor.

When the plates move, they interact in three basic ways:

Orogeny comes from movement of the tectonic plates, creating large units of relief such as mountain ranges and plateaus.

If the rock is flexible: folds

If the rock is hard, is broken when pushed: faults

Earthquakes: When two sides of a fault collide or separate. It happens where tectonic plates meet or separate.

What is an earthquake?

Volcano: A hole, the result of the fault fracture. Magma can rise to the surface through them.

Pangea and evolution

1. Three layers in the Earth. Explain them. Magma. Core parts. Molten rock. 

2. Relief. Orogeny. Lithosphere. Folds. Faults. Volcanoes. Earthquakes.

3. Shaping of relief (water, wind, extreme temperatures, human beings). Coastal relief. Fluvial relief. Karst relief. Landforms created by water (explain them)

4. Types of relief on Earth. Continental relief: types. Define Mountain, mountain range, sierra, plateau, plain, valley, depression and hill.

The coast is...  Define Archipelago, ria, peninsula, gulf, bay, cove, beach, cape, delta, marshes, lagoon, cliff, estuary

Continental shelf, continental slope, abyssal plain, ocean ridges, ocean trenches

5. Geological hazards. Volcanoes: main parts. Types of volcanoes. Earthquakes. Main parts of an Earthquake. Richter scale. Tidal wave

Unit 3

1. Water composition. Hydrosphere is... We can find salt water in... We can find fresh water in...

The Water Cycle

2. The movement of water in the oceans and seas generates... A wave is... Tides are... Types of tides. Sea and ocean currents are..., and they can be...Hot currents and cold currents (they cause and examples: Gulf Stream in hot and Canary in cold) Oceans are... (oceans names)

3. Fresh water is found... Rivers and tributaries. Flow rate. River channel. River basin. The course of a river has X parts... and explain it. Lakes and ponds. Aquifers and wells. Glaciers (Greenland belongs to Denmark). Icebergs. Moraines.

4. Humans need fresh water to live. It comes mainly from... (Examples, five at least). Rivers are used to provide energy, to power mills, to produce electricity, means of communication (when flow rate and depth allow navigation). Also in industry and for recreation (water parks and gardens)

5. Water scarcity and extreme excess of water are both dangerous. A long absence of water (water scarcity) can cause people and animals to die and the disappearance of vegetation. However, a sudden excess of water (flood disasters) can cause damage to people and crops.

1. Water composition. Hydrosphere is... We can find salt water in... We can find fresh water in...

The Water Cycle

2. The movement of water in the oceans and seas generates... A wave is... Tides are... Types of tides. Sea and ocean currents are..., and they can be...Hot currents and cold currents (they cause and examples: Gulf Stream in hot and Canary in cold) Oceans are... (oceans names)

3. Fresh water is found... Rivers and tributaries. Flow rate. River channel. River basin. The course of a river has X parts... and explain them. Lakes and ponds. Aquifers and wells. Glaciers (Greenland belongs to Denmark). Icebergs. Moraines.

4. Humans need fresh water to live. It comes mainly from... (Examples, five at least). Rivers are used to provide energy, to power mills, to produce electricity, means of communication (when flow rate and depth allow navigation). Also in industry and for recreation (water parks and gardens)

5. Water scarcity and extreme excess of water are both dangerous. A long absence of water (water scarcity) can cause people and animals to die and the disappearance of vegetation. However, a sudden excess of water (flood disasters) can cause damage to people and crops.

Unit 4

1. The atmosphere is composed...(five gases). Atmosphere layers and main features. Greenhouse effect. Global warming

2. Weather and climate. Climatology. Weather stations. Thermometers. Pluviometers. Hygrometers. Sunshine sensor. Anemometer. Wind from south east is going to north west. Meteorology

3. Temperature. Three climate zones: Tropical zones (1), temperate zones (2), polar zones (2). Temperature range. Precipitation. Forms of precipitation. Types of rainfall: convectional rainfall, relief rainfall, frontal rainfall

Atmospheric pressure. Isobars. Anticyclone. Depression or cyclone. Wind. Anemometer. Weather vane. Relative humidity

Climate factors: latitude, relief (0.6 ºC every 100 metres)> thermal gradient. Windward and leeward, influence of the sea, ocean currents

4. Hot climates: equatorial climate, tropical climate, monsoon climate

Temperate climates: mediterranean climate, sub-tropical climate, maritime climate, continental climate

Cold climates: Polar climate, Alpine climate (High mountain climate). No evaporation > Little precipitation 

Desert climates:

Hot desert:                Sahara

Coastal desert:         Atacama  

Continental desert:   Gobi

Frozen desert:          Antarctica

5. Hurricanes (tropical cyclones) also called Typhoons in Southest Asia and Caribbean zone. Tornadoes. Torrential rains. High temperatures. Heavy snowfall.

Clika aquí si quieres ver vídeos relacionados con lo que estamos viendo...

1. The atmosphere is composed...(five gases). Atmosphere layers and main features. Greenhouse effect. Global warming

2. Weather and climate. Climatology. Weather stations. Thermometers. Pluviometers. Hygrometers. Sunshine sensor. Anemometer. Wind from south east is going to north west. Meteorology

3. Temperature. Three climate zones: Tropical zones (1), temperate zones (2), polar zones (2). Temperature range. Precipitation. Forms of precipitation. Types of rainfall: convectional rainfall, relief rainfall, frontal rainfall

Atmospheric pressure. Isobars. Anticyclone. Depression or cyclone. Wind. Anemometer. Weather vane. Relative humidity

Climate factors: latitude, relief (0.6 ºC every 100 metres)> thermal gradient. Windward and leeward, influence of the sea, ocean currents

 

4. Hot climates: equatorial climate, tropical climate, monsoon climate

Temperate climates: mediterranean climate, sub-tropical climate, maritime climate, continental climate

Cold climates: Polar climate, Alpine climate (High mountain climate). No evaporation > Little precipitation 

Desert climates:

Hot desert:                Sahara

Coastal desert:         Atacama  

Continental desert:   Gobi

Frozen desert:          Antarctica

5. Hurricanes (tropical cyclones) also called Typhoons in Southest Asia and Caribbean zone. Tornadoes. Torrential rains. High temperatures. Heavy snowfall.

Unit 5 The World's natural environment

1.The natural environment: 

Relief: mountains, valleys, plains, plateaus, beaches, capes, gulfs...

Climate: Temperature, precipitation, wind. Types of climates: hot, cold, temperate

Hydrography: Rivers, seas, oceans, ponds, lakes...

Biogeography: Vegetation, soils, fauna...

2. Europe: limits: Ural mountains, Caucasus mountains, Caspian Sea, Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea

Relief and waters: 

    - Eastern Europe: Carpathians, Urals, Arctic Ocean, Caspian Sea, Caucasus, Black Sea, Ural, Volga in the Caspian Sea. Don, Dnieper and Dniester in the Black Sea. Vistula, Oder in the Baltic Sea. Ladoga, Onega lakes.

    - Central and western Europe: Scandinavian Alps, fjords, Alps (Mount Blanc, 4807 m.), Carpathians, Apennines, Dinaric Alps, Balkan. Rivers Danube in the Black Sea. Oder, Elba, Rhine, Seine, Loire, Garonne and Thames in the Atlantic Ocean. Miño, Duero, Tajo, Guadiana, Guadalquivir. Ebro, Rhone, Po, Tiber in the Mediterranean Sea.

Climates and biogeography:

North: Polar climate. Temperate: Mediterranean, maritime and continental. Alpine climate.

West Coast: Atlantic Ocean: abundant rains and mild temperatures. South: Mediterranean Sea: less rain but higher temperatures. Interior: continental and mountain climates.

3. North America

Relief and waters: 

- The Appalachian Mountains. Medium altitude. Hudson river

- The Great Plains. Centre of Canada. US. Mississippi (Missouri and Ohio) in Gulf Mexico. Mackenzie in Arctic Ocean. Yukon in Pacific Ocean. Great Lakes: Michigan, Ontario, Superior, Erie, Huron. Great Bear Lake

- The Rocky Mountains System: Mount McKinley. Two ranges: Coast Range and Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. Colorado river runs between them. Colorado river and the Rio Grande, or Bravo.

Climates and biogeography: Cold climates, because very far north and little influence from the sea.

4. Central and South America

Relief and waters:

Groups of islands in the Caribbean Sea: the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico) and the Lesser Antilles (Guadalupe, Martinique, Trinidad), both volcanic.

Mountain range: Andes (Aconcagua). Volcanoes: Chimborazo, Cotopaxi

Great Plains: Los Llanos, Venezuela. Amazon Plain. Mato Grosso plateau. Chaco and La Pampa plains

Galapagos Islands, archipelago. Maracaibo Lake

Climate and biogeography: Hot climates, except for the mountains and the extreme south

5. Asia: Ural Mts. between Asia and Europe

Relief: North: Arctic Ocean     South: Indian Ocean        East: Pacific Ocean        West: Mediterranean Sea.

Mountains: Himalaya (Everest 8848 m, the highest peak in the world). Altai and Tien Shan (China / Siberia and Mongolia)

Plateaus: Tibet (Iran), Anatolia (Turkey)

Peninsulas: Anatolia, Arabian, Hindustan, Malacca, Korea, Kamchatka

Islands: Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Cyprus

Archipelagos: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Okinawa), Philippines

Rivers: Obi, Yenisei, Lena (Arctic Ocean), Yellow river, Yangtze and Mekong (Pacific Ocean), Ganges, Indo, Euphrates, Tigris (Indian Ocean)

Lakes: Caspian Sea (largest in the world), Baikal, Aral Sea, Dead Sea (lowest point on Earth)

Climate and biogeography

Southeast: tropical monsoon 

North: Continental and mountain

West: Mediterranean and desert

Siberia: largest forested region in the world: taiga

Arctic tundra: moss and lichens

Steppes grassland

Soil order: from hot to cold climates

continental (olive tree)

taiga (shrubs)

tundra (moss)

steppe (grass)

permafrost (iceland)

6. Africa. North: Mediterranean Sea

              South: Southern Ocean      

              East: Indian Ocean and Red Sea                         

              West: Atlantic Ocean

Relief and waters: Atlas Mts. Drakensberg Mts. Rift Valley (rift valley is a sunken part in between two elevated parts, originated by a fracture in the Earth's crust)

Lakes of Tanganyika and Malawi. Kilimanjaro volcanoe. Lake Victoria. Lake Chad

River Nile, Congo, Niger, Zambezi

Climates and biogeography: Mainly warm. Mediterranean in the North and in the South. Mountain climate too. Equatorial in the centre

7. Oceania: Large island: Australia; Archipelago: New Zealand. New Guinea. Polynesia (Many islands), Melanesia (Black Islands), Micronesia (small islands), and Hawaii.

Great Dividing Range

Great Barrier Reef

Murray Darling, main river

8. Antarctica: Great mass of ice. Antarctic Treaty (Washington, 1959). Extreme polar climate. The lowest temperature on Earth -93,2ºC.

9. Natural disasters in the world

Earthquakes: they can cause tsunamis, where the continental plates collide

Hurricanes: storms with centres of very low pressure, heavy rains and strong winds. They are called typhoons in the south east of Asia

Tornadoes: centres of low pressure, smaller than hurricanes

Volcanoes

Torrential rains

Avalanches

Droughts

Flooding

 

Unit 6  Spain

1. Geographical location 

North: Pyrenees (France)

South: Mediterranean Sea (Africa)

East: Mediterranean Sea

West: Atlantic Ocean

Spain: Iberian Peninsula, Canary Islands, Balearic Islands, Ceuta, Melilla (both in Africa)

Peninsula: 15 comunidades autónomas

Islands: 2 comunidades autónomas

No islands. No peninsula: 2 ciudades autónomas

Different groups of land formations:

Meseta Central: 

northern subregion, crossed by the Duero River. 

southern subregion, crossed by the Tajo and Guadiana

Central System

Mountain ranges that border this central plateau

Montes de Leon, Cordillera Cantábrica, Sistema Ibérico, Sierra Morena

The lowland regions

Valle del Ebro, Valle del Guadalquivir

Other mountain ranges

Macizo Galaico, Pyrenees, Cordillera Costero-catalana. Sistemas Béticos (Sistema Subbético, Sistema Penibético). Mulhacén, the highest point on the Peninsula is in Sierra Nevada.

Archipelagos

Balearic Islands: Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera, Cabrera, Conejera, Dragonera

Canary Islands: Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote

Highest point peninsula: Mulhacén (Sierra Nevada)

Highest point Spain: Teide (Tenerife)

Spain                                                                                 

Peninsula                                                                           

Island (insular): Balearic Islands, Canary Islands                 

Non-peninsular Non-insular: Ceuta, Melilla (Northern Africa  

The continental waters and seas in Spain

 

Surronding Spain: Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea

Three main watersheds: Cantabrian, Atlantic, Mediterranean

Timeline of human evolution

Our story in 6 minutes

Paleolithic

Neolithic

Use of metals

Iberian and Celts

Iberian and Celts

Links

Ancient Mesopotamia

Ancient Egypt

Mesopotamia & Egypt