Pre-Historia

                Edad de Piedra

                               Paleolítico

Neolítico

                Edad de los metales

                               Cobre

                               Bronce

                               Hierro

Historia Antigua

                Mesopotamia

                Egipto  

                               Imperio Antiguo

                               Imperio Medio

                               Imperio Nuevo

                Grecia

                               Período Arcaico

                               Período Clásico

                               Período Helenístico

                Roma

                               República

                               Imperio

Historia Medieval

                               Alta Edad Media

                               Plena Edad Media

                               Baja Edad Media

Historia Moderna

                               Primera Edad Moderna

                               Segunda Edad Moderna

Historia Contemporánea (1789)

Unit 1. From Prehistory to the Middle Ages

1.1. Historical periods

-          Prehistory (First human-invention of writing) => 5.000.000 B.C. – 3000 B.C.

-          Antiquity (invention of writing-the fall of the Roman Empire (476 A.D.)

-          The Middle Ages (The fall of the Roman Empire-Spanish discovery of America 1492)

-          The Early Modern Age (Spanish discovery of America-The French Revolution 1789)

-          The Modern Age (The French Revolution-Today)

1.2. Pre-history

The Stone Age (5.000.000 BC- 5000 BC)

Palaeolithic (Old stone)

Hominids to human beings, walking upright, nomadic, fire, tools from stone and bone, hunting, fishing and gathering.

Neolithic (New stone)

Agriculture, farming, sedentary people, small villages, new techniques for making stone tools, textiles, ceramic cups and bowls.

The Bronze and Iron Ages (Metal Age) (5000 BC-3000 BC)

Megalithic (Big stone) architecture: Dolmens, Menhirs, Cromlech… (Stonenge?)

1.3. Antiquity

Urban civilizations: Mesopotamia and Egypt

Classical (cultural) civilizations: Greece and Rome

1.4. The Middle Ages

Byzantine Empire, Islamic civilization, Christian Europe

Unit 2. The Early Modern Age: The “Ancient Régime” (1492-1789)

2.1. Importance

-          Europeans’ discoveries

-          Monarchs became more powerful

-          Open economy: bourgeoisie*

2.2. The Age of Discovery

-          New routes to East Asia, using caravels, compasses

-          Consequences: Gold, silver, diseases, slaves, religion, language

2.3. Monarchy during the Early Modern Age

-          Authoritarian monarchy: Spain: Catholic Monarchs

-          Absolute monarchy

-          Parliamentary monarchy: England: Civil War: Cromwell. 1689: Bill of Rights (no taxes without Parliament’s consent)

2.4. Commercial capitalism and mercantilism

-          The 16th century: commercial capitalism: The new world; banks; bills of exchange

-          The 17th century: mercantilism: much gold & silver => crisis => mercantilism (you’re rich if you have silver & gold) => protectionist policies to limit imports and encourage exports

2.5. Early Modern society

-          First and Second Estates: clergy & nobility: no taxes, living by the rent from their lands

-          Third Estate: They paid taxes

o   Upper middle class: bourgeoisie: bankers, traders…

o   Lower middle class: petit bourgeoisie: smiths…

o   Peasantry: labourers

2.6. Renaissance and Baroque art

-          Renaissance: Humanism

-          Baroque: Reformation and Counter-Reformation

Unit 3. The transformation of the “Ancien Régime” (Old Regime)

3.1. The 18th century: period of change. Reason, science and education are the leaders.

Bourgeoisie became more important and tried to gain more political power.

3.2. The Enlightenment: a change in thinking, wanting to put an end to ignorance and promote social progress, using reason, science and education: The “Encyclopaedia” summarized knowledge from science, philosophy, art and Grammar (Diderot)

              - Criticisms and proposals: Montesquieu (argued the separation of powers); Voltaire (favoured a strong monarchy, BUT based on the existence of parliaments); Rousseau (introduced the idea of popular sovereignty)

                - Physiocrats said that agriculture was the true source of wealth, rejecting Mercantilism, and believed that the state should not interfere with trade and other economic activities (Adam Smith).

              - Spain: Jovellanos, Conde de Floridablanca = > They tried to improve economic, social and cultural conditions, after the declined during the Lesser Hapsburgs (Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II), publishing scientific papers, and establishing academies (Sociedades económicas de amigos del país), with the nobility’s resistance.

3.3. Enlightenment in Europe, America and Spain

- Enlightened despotism: It pretends to combine absolute monarchy with Enlightenment ideas: centralized governments, enlightened thinkers as ministers: Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II of Prussia and Carlos III of Spain (Olavide y las nuevas poblaciones de Sierra Morena: San Carlos del Valle, La Carolina…, pueblos de repoblación). It maintained the estates system, and finally fell down.

- United States: In American War of Independence, 13 British colonies will be free, because:

Ideological (Enlightenment ideas), Political (Great Britain refused to give them representation in Parliament), Socio-economic (colonists wanted control over their own commercial activities).

New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia established themselves through a federal republic based on popular sovereignty and the separation of powers.

-Spain: After Charles II: Philip of Anjou (supported by France and Crown of Castilla), and Archduke Charles of Austria (supported by Austria, Great Britain and the Crown of Aragón). Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt: Felipe V, grandson of France’s Monarch became king in Spain, first Bourbon. Great Britain received Menorca and Gibraltar.

Castilla’s laws were imposed on Aragón as punishment for not supporting Felipe V during the War of Succession. Spain was divided into provinces, with the figure of intendant.

3.4. Economic changes

- Agriculture: Harvest improved due to: crop rotation, machinery increased productivity, repopulation (Sierra Morena), new crops from New World (potatoes, corn)

- Craftmanship: Domestic system of production became important (textiles)

- Commerce: Domestic trade was limited, so they improved roads and built new ones. International trade was controlled by the British between Europe, Africa and America.

- Spain: Growth in 18th century (Felipe V, Carlos III, Sociedades Económicas de amigos del país): Canal de Castilla, repopulation Sierra Morena, textile production in Cataluña protected. Cádiz lost its monopoly on transatlantic  trade.

3.5. Society 18th century: scientific advances, improvements in nutrition and hygiene, reduction of epidemics => 1700-1800: 95 million people to 146 million in Europe.

- Estates: Clergy & nobility lost power, due to enlightenment thinkers. Bourgeoisie protested against nobility and clergy’s privileges. Peasants did not improve.

- Daily life: Thinkers improved childcare and education, and criticized arranged marriages. Women continued to be dependent on their fathers, brothers and husbands.

- Spain: Carlos III eliminated the legal dishonor of labour (members of the nobility could now work for a living). People did not always accept reforms because they wanted to protect their traditional way of life. In some cases, there were popular protests, such as the Esquilache Riots. These riots were named after a government minister under Carlos III, who wanted to prohibit traditional long capes and wide-brimmed hats because they allowed criminals to conceal their faces and weapons. Bourbons also adopted measures relating to other social groups. In order to eliminate the power which they had over education, the Jesuits were expelled from Spain (1767).

Unit 4. French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire

4.1. The beginning of the Modern Age

The enlightened despots failed to make the political, economic and social changes that Enlightenment had proposed: these changes were violently imposed by revolutionaries.

4.2. Causes of the French Revolution                                         

It’s the end of the absolute monarchy and the ESTATES SYSTEM of the Ancien Régime.

-          Influence of the Enlightenment: Thinkers said that all French subjects were free and equal under the law (liberté, egalité, fraternité ou la mort)

-          Political crisis: In France, the ‘Estates General’ brought together representatives of the three estates of the realm to advise the king on important issues, such as tax increases.

o   Clergy: 300 representatives (1 vote)

o   Nobility: 300 representatives (1 vote)

o   Third Estate (bourgeoisie) and peasantry: 600 representatives  (1 vote)

-          Economic crisis: French state: bankrupt (American War of Independence). The ministers suggested the increasing of taxes.

-          Social crisis: Nobility and clergy refused to pay the taxes that the king’s ministers were demanding.

Bourgeoisie wanted to participate in government; petit bourgeoisie passed economic difficulties by wars, higher taxes; peasantry too, and in addition, paying rent to clergy and nobility.

Meanwhile, they saw the luxurious lifestyle of the royal family and court.

4.3. Major events: Louis XVI decided to convoke the Estates General to ask for taxes, and this leads to the French Revolution (1789)

-          National Assembly: The Third Estate proposed “one man, one vote”. The king refused, so the Third Estate declared themselves the true representative and formed a National Assembly and demanded a constitution (Bill of Rights)

-          Constituent Assembly: The king agreed: The constituent assembly had to write a constitution. At the same time, the Bastille (political prison) was attacked, and riots broke out. Feudal Rights were abolished, and the Declaration of the Rights of MAN and the citizen were approved. Louis XVI tried to escape to Austria. The Constituent Assembly established a constitutional monarchy, popular sovereignty, the separation of powers and LIMITED MALE suffrage.

-          Legislative Assembly: The Constitution approved, it was necessary to adopt legal changes, and we can see two tendencies (Historic constants):

o   Girondins: The bourgeoisie, moderates, they helped the middle class, maintaining limited suffrage.

o   Jacobins: Radicals, wanting to abolish monarchy, expand the suffrage and help workers, so they were supported by “sans-culottes” (poorest people)

The king in prison, France is now a republic.

-          The Convention: Louis XVI executed. Europe was afraid and declared war on France. Jacobins took the government (Robespierre): this is a dictatorship: The Terror.

http://www.abc.es/cultura/20131218/abci-rostro-real-robespierre-marcadas-201312181300.html

-          The Directory: Moderate middle class took control to stop the violence, establishing the Directory, conservative government (five members).

-          The Consulate: By the way of the war against Europe, General Napoleon Bonaparte established a new government called the Consulate, with himself as First Consul, and other two consuls.

4.4. From revolution to empire: Napoleon increased his power: He is First consul FOR LIFE in 1802, and Emperor in 1804. His policy:

- Domestic policy: He established the Civil Code (we use much of it in Spain right now), equally to all citizens, in civil marriage, divorce, adoption and state education.

- International policy: In the lands that he conquered, Napoleon imposed enlightened and revolutionary policies, including constitutions that abolished absolute monarchy.

Napoleon won all allied countries against France, but Great Britain not: France was divided in two fronts: Russia and Spain, so he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo (1815): The Ancien Régime was re-established in Europe for a short period of time.

4.5. French Revolution and Napoleonic Empire: consequences: crisis and disintegration of the Ancien Régime.

Changes:

-          Political: Absolute monarchy was substituted by republic and constitutional monarchy, both based on popular sovereignty and separation of powers, with limited male suffrage and CIVIL RIGHTS (NEVER SEEN BEFORE). The differences between the groups made the emergence of political groups: POLITICAL PARTIES.

-          Economic: All citizens now had to pay taxes, including nobility and clergy. New laws guaranteed private property (civil right, with others) rights, and free trade was also guaranteed.

4.6. Spain

Alliances: France-Spain; Great Britain-Portugal. Napoleon promised Godoy (Carlos IV’s minister) to be a high charge in Portugal if he let him passing Spain to invade Portugal: After the Battle of Trafalgar (French and Spanish forces were defeated by the British), Spain (Godoy) signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau: the French forces occupied Spain and sent Carlos IV and family to Bayonne, where Carlos and son, Fernando, the future Fernando VII, renounced their rights to the Spanish throne in favour of Napoleon, who named his brother, Joseph, new king of Spain (1808).

-          Spanish war of independence: 2 may 1808 Madrid rose up against French troops. 5 june 1808, Santa Cruz de Mudela. 6 june 1808 Valdepeñas. Finally, Bailén was the defeated of the French army. Cádiz was the only city that did not fall to the French, who were finally defeated (1813) thanks to support from British forces (Duke of Wellington) and the Spanish’ guerrilla (Cura Merino, Espoz y Mina (el Empecinado), Chaleco, Juana la Galana…)

By this time, we have two governments: King Joseph I, who imposed the Bayonne Constitution (enlightened reforms: equality under the law, and EVERYONE had to pay taxes). But Joseph Bonaparte had some Spanish supporters (CONSTANTE HISTÓRICA), called “afrancesados”, although most Spanish people rejected his authority.

On the other hand, the Central Council coordinate local and provincial councils: for the first time, the Spanish people had their own elected representatives, in Cádiz, that is going to be replaced by the Regency Council, which then called together the Cortes.

Cortes de Cádiz: Approved the first Spanish constitution (1812)

o   Government: Constitutional monarchy

o   Power: popular sovereignty with limited male suffrage

o   State religion: Catholicism

o   Separation of powers:

1         Executive (monarch)

2         Legislative (monarch and Cortes)

3         Judicial (Courts of Justice, judges)

o   Civil rights (equality under the law, privacy, freedom of press, prohibition of torture)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfA2l2eERzI

4.7. Life during the revolution and empire

- Family:

                -Divorce was legalized.

                -The rights of children: inheritance rights for who were born outside of marriage.

- Daily life:

                -A new calendar was created, with no religion references.

                -The months were named reflecting meteorological conditions: Ventôse (Windy), although Napoleon restored the Christian calendar.

- Women:

                - Women participated in the revolution, and demanded their part in politics.

                - They didn’t be allowed because they feared a radical change in family structure.

                - Finally, they continued to be wives and mothers.

- Technological advances:

                - France adopted the metric system.

                - The French army used carriages as ambulances.

                - The French army used metal tins to keep their food fresh for longer.

QUESTIONS

1. Historical periods

2. Prehistory: subdivisions

3. Antiquity: subdivisions and differences

4. The Middle Ages: periods

5. Compare economy between Middle Ages and Modern Age

6. Compare society  between Middle Ages and Modern Age

7. The Age of Discovery: consequences

8. Bill of Rights

9. Define “Commercial capitalism”

10. Define “mercantilism”

11. Early Modern society

12. The 18th century: period of change

13. The “Encyclopaedia”

14. Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau

15. Separation of powers. Strong monarchy. Popular sovereignty

16. Explain the separation of powers

17. Compare “physiocrats” with “mercantilists”

18. What about “physiocrats” and the state?

19. Explain the “strong monarchy” by…

20. Explain the “popular sovereignty” by…

    1. Sociedades económicas de amigos del país

21. Enlightened despotism

22. United States: American War of Independence: Causes

23. Spain: War of succession

24. Carlos III and the dishonor of labour.

• 1. Esquilache’s riots (Motín de Esquilache)

  2. Domestic system

It’s the antecedent of industrial revolution: craftsmen working

and selling their own products at home.

1. Explain the absolute monarchy’s evolution.

2. Explain the Estates General system before the revolution in France

3. The French Revolution: main periods

4. Girondins and Jacobins: explain the historic constant

5. Napoleon’s policy

6. The Napoleon’s defeated

7. The political parties’ birth

8. The taxes before and after the French Revolution

9. Battle of Trafalgar

10. Treaty of Fontainebleau

11. Dates in the Spanish war of independence

12. Heroes in the Spanish war of independence

13. “Afrancesados” were…

14. The first Spanish Constitution: main features about government

15. The first Spanish Constitution: main features about power

16. The first Spanish Constitution: main features about state religion

17. The first Spanish Constitution: main features about separation of powers

18. The first Spanish Constitution: main features about civil rights

19. Point two “historic constants”, at least

Unit 5. Industrial Revolution

5.1. The economic and social transformation of Europe

- Great Britain: economic and technological advances > more efficient system of industrial production.

- This effect spread throughout Europe.

- Estates system: It is the end, because of industrialization and the French Revolution

- Europe:

- French Revolution: Political change > high point of the bourgeoisie > Class-based society

- Industrial Revolution: Economic and technological change > high point of the bourgeoisie + Birth Working class = Class-based society

5.2. The industrial Revolution: causes

GB: As industry expanded, traditional agriculture became less important.

-          Population growth: Advances in nutrition, hygiene and medicine > improve (the population growth). The demand of food stimulated agricultural and industrial production, and provided a larger work-force. This is a double direction

-          Agricultural improvements: The enclosure of agricultural land created larger, more profitable farms. New machinery, crop rotation and fertilizers > more profitable farms too > more food and raw materials were being produced.

-          Increased trade: Great Britain is the leader in transatlantic commerce and domestic trade, because the greater demand for goods and the absence of internal duties. The profits from trade were used to finance industrial development.

-          Technological progress: The machines are in factories, producing goods more quickly and cheaply => prices decreased, benefiting consumers. The reliable steam engine by James Watt influenced agriculture, mining, industry and transport.

-          Financial support from agriculture and trade: This investment was essential: large amounts of money to pay for factories, machinery, raw materials, fuel (coal) and workers’ wages (payment).

-          Favourable political and social structure: The bourgeoisie was allowed by the parliamentary monarchy (GB) to promote measures that advanced its economic interests (laws to liberalize industrial production).

5.3. Industrialisation: key elements

-          The textile industry: The division of labour made textile manufacturing more efficient, with machines in factories, such as spinning and weaving machines.

-          The iron and steel production: They need foundries with large quantities of fuel (coke, type of coal). The Bessemer converter was the machine used to produce steel during this process.

-          Transport: The steam engine in ships and trains revolutionized communications: the steam locomotive (1804), the first public railway (Stephenson, 1825), the first commercial steamship (1807).

5.4. Industrialisation in Europe:

From GB to Germany, Belgium, and France, because they had:

-          Iron and coal

-          Growing populations

-          Well-developed railway networks to facilitate transport

In Spain: It developed a lot later than in other countries, because:

-          Coal of poor quality

-          Less technologically advanced

-          Although France and GB invested in Spanish railways and mining (Río Tinto, Huelva), benefited themselves and not Spain

-          Regions became more important in Spain:

o   Cotton industry in Cataluña

o   Metallurgical industry in Asturias and Vizcaya (good quality coal -at the beginning, but worse comparing with England-)

5.5. Economic liberalism and industrial capitalism

-          Economic liberalism: Freedom of production and free trade are essential conditions for economic growth: The state should not interfere with economic activity (Adam Smith, father of modern economics)

-          Industrial capitalism is the practice of the economic liberalism, where trade is the most important origin of profits, so the industrial production became a country’s most profitable economic activity.

-          Interests: Both served the interests of wealthy capitalists and business owners.

-          Objectives: Both aimed to produce profits that could be re-invested in business.

-          Consequences: Both led to an increase in social inequalities. According to economic liberalism, the state should not intervene in economic activity. This also meant that the state should not intervene to solve the problems that were created by industrialization, such as people losing their jobs, high unemployment or poor working conditions.

5.6. A class-based society

In this new class-based society, people’s social status depended on their work and their personal wealth, and not on their family background.

-          Origins: French Revolution (clergy and nobility privileges were abolished: the end of the estates system); Industrial Revolution (bourgeoisie is the owner of factories; the working class –proletariat- are industrial workers living by working for wages)

-          Society: Three groups: upper class, middle class and working class

-          Social class determined by profession and wealth

-          Open society: Anybody could change if their personal situation changed

-          Theory: Everybody equal under the law

-          In practice: Great economic inequalities:

o   Upper class: Nobility, bourgeois capitalists (bankers, factory owners)

o   Middle class: civil servants, lawyers, doctors, small merchants, artisans, small farmers

o   Working class: industrial working class –proletariat-, poor tenant farmers and agricultural laborers

-          The industrial city:

o   Urban development: New railway lines, train stations, new buildings (large factories => urban noise and pollution)

o   Urban expansion: Paris old city walls were demolished to allow for this expansion

o   New residential areas: new neighborhoods for the growing middle class and for industrial workers who were arriving from the countryside => differences in social status were reflected in both areas

5.7. Working-class political movements

-          Industrial working conditions: Working conditions in factories were generally dangerous and unhealthy.

o   Machinery was unprotected = accidents and injuries

o   A working day was 14 to 16 hours long and wages low = young children often worked to increase the family income

o   Employed (factory owners) could dismiss (quit) or fine (punish with money) workers

o   Workers did not have the right to protest or go on strike (refusing to work)

o   No social insurance in cases of illness, accident…

-          Origins of working-class politics: The proletariat in GB began to organize itself in opposition to both factory owners and government (leaded by bourgeoisie).

o   1811: Luddites destroyed machines in factories, thinking that took jobs from workers.

o   1830: Trade Unions were founded (GB), demanding improved working conditions and better wages, joining types of work (miners…)

o   1838: Chartist movement demanded political changes: universal manhood suffrage, and Parliament to pass laws to improve workers’ conditions.

-          Left-wing ideologies: These ideologies promoted the interests of the working class, as well as offering alternatives to industrial capitalism and the class-based society.

o   Marxism: Developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels was based on:

1         Class struggle: Against capitalist oppressor, the wealthy bourgeoisie

2         Dictatorship of the proletariat: Getting political power, the dictatorship would control the economy and redistribute wealth equally.

3         Communism: Replacing the old class-based society, there would be a new communist society in which everyone would be equal

o   Anarchism: Developed by Mikhail Bakunin, who proposed an ideal society based on:

1         Individual freedom: Fighting against any authority (the state) that limited their freedom

2         Communes: Small independent groups, where all decisions would be taken by popular assemblies

3         Direct action: Defending their interests through actions, not political parties or elections, including violent attacks and even murder.

Unit 6    Restoration, liberalism and nationalism

6.1. Political developments 1815-1870

-          1815: Napoleon defeated (Ancien Régime and absolute monarchy restored in Europe)

-          19th century is the regular revolts and revolutions to re-establish the advances of the French Revolution

-          USA expanding its frontiers to the West. The Spanish colonies in Central and South America won their independence

-          Art: Romanticism: emotion, individual freedom and national pride

6.2. Restoration in Europe 1815-1820

-          Congress of Vienna

o   Restoration of absolute monarchy: Monarchs deposed by Napoleon returned to power, although accepting constitutional limits

o   Changes to Europe’s borders, after the Napoleonic wars

o   To support Europe’s restored monarchs in the event of a revolution:

1         The Holly Alliance: Russia, Austria and Prussia

2         The Quadruple Alliance: The Holly Alliance, plus GB

-          Reign of Fernando VII: Napoleon was defeated in the War of Independence. Joseph I left Spain and Fernando VII returned to Spain

o   Restoration of absolutism: Supported by the Spanish people as legitimate king (Manifiesto de los Persas):

http://filocofo.foroactivo.com/t15-comentario-manifiesto-de-los-persas)

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifiesto_de_los_Persas

and absolutists, the Constitution of 1812 was abolished, and ruled as an absolute monarch

o   Liberal period: Member of the Spanish military rebelled against absolutism. Riego and Quiroga, army officers leaded a successful revolt,

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himno_de_Riego

and the king restored the liberal constitution of 1812

o   Victory of absolutism: Fernando VII asked the Holly Alliance to assist him in re- establishing absolutism (1823, Los Cien Mil Hijos de San Luis) => more revolts, but in this time not successful. “Ominosa Década”

http://www.iescasasviejas.net/1.web/histo/tema6.htm

Finally, Fernando VII proclaimed his pragmatic sanction, to allow Isabel (his daughter) to become queen after him, replacing the Salic law, which had excluded females from the throne.

So, his eventually heir, his brother Carlos María Isidro de Borbón was apart, and this is the beginning of the Carlists Wars (1833-1840; 1846-1849; 1872-1876), between Carlos Mª Isidro, Fernando VII’s brother, and Isabel, Fernando VII’s daughter, winning Isabel, supported by liberals. (Carlos was supported by traditionalists and absolutists).

Bandera de España: Apuntes de 2º ESO

6.3. Liberalism, nationalism and democracy

-          The age of revolution: The absolute monarchy in Europe is ending, through revolutionary movements based on liberal and nationalist ideologies.

o   1820s:

1         Portugal and Spain: Liberal revolutions => Constitutional monarchies

2         Greece made independent itself from Ottoman Empire (Nationalist revolution)

o   1830s:

1         France: Liberal revolution => constitutional monarchy

2         Belgium made independent itself from the Netherlands (both united by the Congress of Vienna). (Nationalist revolution).

o   1848s: The most radicals, demanding democratic reforms which would give them (proletariat) access to political power: left wing parties.

1         Austrian Empire: Failed

2         German Confederation: Failed

3         Italy: Failed

4         France: Proclamation of the Second Republic, with universal manhood suffrage.

-          Italian and German unification:

o   Italy: Initiated by the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. King Victor Emmanuel II and his prime minister, Cavour, supported by France, against Austria, expelled from Lombardy (north of Italy). Conquering the rest of the Italian Peninsula thanks to Garibaldi (Venetia and the kingdom of the Two Sicilies too) => Unified Italy became a constitutional monarchy, Rome annexed and became the capital city (1871).

o   Germany:

·         Economically, the Zollwerein was absolutely important: this is a custom union to avoid the pay of taxes.

·         Politically, Otto von Bismarck, Prussian chancellor, against Denmark over the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, winning in northern Germany and following the Austro-Prussian War. As a result of the Franco-Prussian War, France had to surrender the Alsace-Lorraine: Bismarck established the Second Reich (German Empire) and Wilhelm I as its Kaiser (Emperor).

6.4. Spain: from liberal monarchy to republic: This is the mid-19th century, including military revolts and demands for greater democracy, with a brief republic, the first one in Spain.

-          The reign of Isabel II: The end of absolutism and the establishment of a liberal constitutional monarchy.

o   Power: the Queen, but limited by the constitution

o   Isabel II supported:

1         Liberal Party, moderate, who favoured a stronger monarchy

2         Progressive Party, who wanted to limit royal authority

o   We’ll know various constitutions and limited male suffrage was established.

o   The military participated in politics, forming part of the government

o   Her period:

1         When she was a child:

·         Two regents:

o   Her mother, María Cristina (First Carlist War)

o   General Espartero

o   Political problems in her majority age:

1         New political parties:

·         Democratic Party, demanding universal manhood suffrage

·         Republican Party, demanding to establish a republic

2         This is the result of electoral fraud (manipulation of votes by successive governments) Cánovas y Sagasta.

3         Division of Spain into provinces. The establishment of the Civil Guard (Duque de Ahumada), and the creation of the Ministry of Public Works.

4         Isabel’s personal reputation was ruined by a series of financial scandals before she left Spain in 1868.

o   Economic problems: To get money, she expropriated lands from the nobility, the church and local governments in exchange for very small amounts of money, and sold to the highest bidder at public auctions (desamortizaciones: Mendizábal, Madoz as leaders), with negative consequences:

1         Small farmers did not have enough money to buy, so these lands were bought by rich members of the bourgeoisie

2         Many common lands were also sold, so ordinary people could no longer collect wood or use them as pasture.

3         Many religious institutions ceased to provide the poor

4         1868: A military rebellion forced the queen to go in exile to France

-          The Glorious Revolution: First trying to establish democracy in Spain, with a new constitution (1869), with universal manhood suffrage.

o   The democratic monarchy (1871-1873): General Prim promoted the Italian Amadeo of Savoy as king of Spain, but had to abdicate because both republicans and carlists. The supporters of Alfonso (legitimate heir of Isabel II) were opposed to him.

o   The First Republic (1873-1874): Demands for greater regional autonomy in Andalucía, Levante and Cataluña, with republicans divided into them.

Monetary union was achieved and the “peseta” became the country’s official currency.

But, December 1874: Military uprising and restoration of the monarchy: return of the Bourbon dynasty and the end of the First Republic.

6.5. America during the 19th century: Political and territorial changes that led to the establishment of many new states which still exist today.

-          Expansion and civil war in the USA

o   Westward expansion: Population increased rapidly (immigrants from Europe encouraging reaching North America’s Pacific coast).

o   The American Civil War (1861-1865): North vs. South: The war was won by the northern states, and as a result, slavery was finally ended, the universal manhood suffrage as also established, and male citizens of all ethnic backgrounds had the right to vote in elections.

-          Latin American Independence: During the reign of Fernando VII, the Spanish colonies in Central and South America began to demand independence: Factors:

o   Independence of the USA, French Revolution, Spanish War of Independence

o   Supported by GB (to break Spain’s trade monopoly over its colonies)

o   As well as Britain’s 13 colonies, the colonies’ Creole upper middle class wanted more political and economic control.

All the Spanish colonies in America, except Puerto Rico and Cuba (Filipinas too) gained their independence, thanks to military leaders such as Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín. New nations became independent republics, such as Venezuela, Argentina and Mexico, moving from being dominated by Spain to being under the political and economic influence of GB and the US.

Unit 7 Capitalism and Imperialism

7.1 The birth of the modern world 1870-1914

-          Rivalries between Germany and France, among other countries

-          Spain, a second-class power (lost colonies in 1898: Cuba, Filipinas, Puerto Rico)

-          Industrialised countries producing goods in enormous quantities, and colonizing regions searching  raw materials

-          A consumer society, origin of social inequalities. Working class suffering the effects of economic crises

7.2. Political tension in Europe

Germany’s foreign policy:

-          The Bismarckian system: This chancellor made alliance with Austria, Russia and Italy, against France, who wanted to recover Alsace-Lorraine (lost to Germany in 1871)

-          The policies of Wilhelm II: This Kaiser quit Bismarck, abandoned the alliances, and began his Weltpolitik (world politics expansionism), creating tension in Morocco and the Balkan Peninsula

7.3. The Bourbon restoration in Spain

The First Republic in Spain ended in 1874 (11 feb 1873-29 dic 1874, Estanislao Figueras, Francisco Pi y Margall, Nicolás Salmerón, Emilio Castelar as presidents).

Military uprising and the proclamation of Alfonso XII (Isabel’s son) as king in Spain, becaming a parliamentary monarchy: stability.

-          Constitution of 1876 (conservative, establishing limited male suffrage)

-          The Liberals and the Conservatives alternating in power by manipulating election results

-          The king shared legislative power with the “Cortes”

-          Republicans, unofficial, opposed the government

-          Regionalists movements in Andalucia, Cataluña, Galicia and País Vasco

Alfonso XII died in 1885: Mª Cristina (his wife) was regent for their son Alfonso XIII:

-          Colonial wars: Spanish-American War 1898, losing Spain Cuba, Puerto Rico and Filipinas: Second class status in international politics

7.4. Finance capitalism: Industrial capitalism (industrial production was the most important economic activity) replaced by a new system: finance capitalism (activities related to the movement and management of money)

-           Changes and innovations

o   Energy: Replacing coal and gas:

1         Electricity: Edison invented the electric light bulb, replacing gas lights

2         Oil: Refining oil are discovered kerosene and petrol: Cleveland 1889 by Nelson Rockefeller, American businessman, who established Standard Oil

o   Technology:

1         Improved versions of the Bessemer converter to produce steel for railways, cars… and skyscrapers. Stainless steel.

o   New industries:

1         Electrical technology: generators, engines, lamps (AEG, Siemens, both German)

2         New food industries

3         Chemical industry: perfume, medicines, dynamite

o   Finance and investment: Business owners needed enormous amounts of capital

1         Loan from a bank, in exchange for interest

2         Banks making direct investments in industry

3         Companies that sell shares to investors, who received part of the profits

4         Investors could buy and sell shares in different companies at the stock exchange

o   New business structures: Companies tried to reduce competition by developing new forms of organization:

1         Cartels: Companies working in the same industry (collective decisions about production and prices)

2         Trusts: Giant businesses, various companies working in different industries, controlling the market and eliminating their competitors

3         Holding: Large financial companies buying and holding shares in other companies

-          Consequences of finance capitalism

o   Consumerism: Businesses also started to use advertising to increase sales and profits

o   Economic instability: In periods of economic crisis: less demands for goods: reduced business profits: factory closures: unemployment: social conflict

o   International trade: New roads and railways, cars, lorries, steamships…

o   Trade imbalances: industrialized countries bought raw materials in less developed countries and colonies at low prices, and used them to make manufactured goods. Then they sold these goods in less developed countries and colonies at high prices. This caused serious trade imbalances between developed and less developed countries.

o   Increased industrial productivity: The assembly-line system of production improved productivity and provided more of the new manufactured goods.

7.5. The turn-of-the-century world economy: We have 3 world’s biggest industrial countries:

-          Germany: Europe’s leading industrial producer (iron and steel industry: Bessemer converter). Electrical and chemical industries too.

-          US: Immigration from Europe provided an expanded work-force for industry and westward expansion towards the Pacific (transcontinental railway system)

-          Japan: With no businessmen or investors, the Japanese government built factories, banks and measures to increase the country’s exports.

GB: Factories outdated, so ceased to be the world’s leading

Spain: Foreign businessmen also continued to control some industries, such as the Río Tinto mines (Huelva). Cataluña (textile industry), País Vasco (iron and steel industry, and ship-building)

7.6. Imperialism: Developed countries took control of other regions all over the world, becoming colonies and forming part of the colonial empires.

-          The colonial empires: European powers, US and Japan colonized Africa, Asia and Oceania, but the largest colonial empire belonged to GB & France

o   British Empire: North America, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Its most important possessions: India and Australia

o   French Empire: Africa and Asia

-          Causes of imperial expansion: Emergence of finance capitalism and rapid industrial development in the colonial powers

o   Colonies provided industrialized countries with cheap raw materials

o   Colonies provided new markets where industrialized countries could sell the manufactured goods

Colonies were international prestige too, so the colonial powers competed with one another for control of strategic locations around the world.

Colonies were attractive for European emigrants: some governments encouraged emigration to reduce social conflict (machines were replacing many workers in factories)

-          The consequences of imperialism

o   Colonies controlled by a minority imposing European culture. Native people as second-class status and racial segregation

o   Rivalry between the imperial powers: cause of the First World War

o   Wealthy nations controlled industry and trade and exploited less developed countries: world economy extremely imbalanced

7.7. An unequal society: Finance capitalism consolidated and increased the inequalities: Upper and middle classes became wealthier, while the working class worked for low wages and experienced poor working conditions and unemployment.

-          Consumer society: Luxury products were especially popular among the middle and upper classes as a sign of wealth and prestige. Ways:

o   Advertising: Posters and printed advertisements in newspapers and magazines

o   New luxury items: Upper class demonstrated their wealth by buying expensive products (telephones and cars)

o   Tourism: Leisure time to travel

o   Cinemas: Popular form of leisure

-          Social inequalities: Working class often did not earn enough money to cover basic necessities (decent housing, food and clothing). 1880-1914: Many workers participated in protests and strikes. New socialist and communist parties were founded to defend workers’ rights in politics.

-          Spanish society at the turn of the century: Enormous differences in wealth between the upper and lower classes led to the establishment of political parties to defend workers’ rights and trade unions

o   1879: Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE), Socialist Party

o   1881: Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española (FTRE)

o   1888: Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), Socialist

o   1910: Confederación Nacional de Trabajadores (CNT), anarchist

After the Disaster of ’98, a new movement, Regenerationism, promoted by intellectuals (Joaquín Costa), wanted to improve the lives of working-class people.

During this period, rural credit unions were also created to help farmers buy fertilizer and farm equipment, while Catholic workingmen’s associations helped factory workers to provide for their families.

The Anarchist movement found support among workers on the large agricultural estates (latifundios) in Andalucia and industrial workers in Cataluña. The government responded to Anarchists’ use of violent tactics by repressing their organizations.

Questions

1.       Explain the Estates system at the beginning of the industrialization

Estates system: It is the end, because of industrialization and the French Revolution

2.       French Revolution and Industrial Revolution: differences

French Revolution: Political change > high point of the bourgeoisie > Class-based society

Industrial Revolution: Economic and technological change > high point of the bourgeoisie + Birth Working class       

Class-based society

3.       The industrial Revolution: causes

Population growth

Agricultural improvements

Increased trade

Technological progress

Financial support from agriculture and trade

Favourable political and social structure

4.       Explain one of the Industrial Revolution causes

Population growth: Advances in nutrition, hygiene and medicine > improve (the population growth). The demand of food stimulated agricultural and industrial production, and provided a larger work-force. This is a double direction

Agricultural improvements: The enclosure of agricultural land created larger, more profitable farms. New machinery, crop rotation and fertilizers > more profitable farms too > more food and raw materials were being produced.

Increased trade: Great Britain is the leader in transatlantic commerce and domestic trade, because the greater demand for goods and the absence of internal duties. The profits from trade were used to finance industrial development.

Technological progress: The machines are in factories, producing goods more quickly and cheaply => prices decreased, benefiting consumers. The reliable steam engine by James Watt influenced agriculture, mining, industry and transport.

Financial support from agriculture and trade: This investment was essential: large amounts of money to pay for factories, machinery, raw materials, fuel (coal) and workers’ wages (payment).

Favourable political and social structure: The bourgeoisie was allowed by the parliamentary monarchy (GB) to promote measures that advanced its economic interests (laws to liberalize industrial production).

5.       Industrialisation: key elements

o   The textile industry: The division of labour made textile manufacturing more efficient, with machines in factories, such as spinning and weaving machines.

o   The iron and steel production: They need foundries with large quantities of fuel (coke). The Bessemer converter was the machine used to produce steel during this process.

o   Transport: The steam engine in ships and trains revolutionized communications: the steam locomotive (1804), the first public railway (Stephenson, 1825), the first commercial steamship (1807).

6.       Industrialisation in Europe:

From GB to Germany, Belgium, and France, because they had:

o   Iron and coal

o   Growing populations

o   Well-developed railway networks to facilitate transport

7.       In Spain: Industrialization too much later than in other countries, because:

Coal of poor quality

Less technologically advanced

Although France and GB invested in Spanish railways and mining (Río Tinto, Huelva), benefited themselves and not Spain

8.       Economic liberalism

Freedom of production and free trade are essential conditions for economic growth: The state should not interfere with economic activity (Adam Smith, father of modern economics)

9.       Industrial capitalism

It is the practice of the economic liberalism, where trade is the most important origin of profits, so the industrial production became a country’s most profitable economic activity.

10.   Interests of industrial capitalism and economic liberalism:

Both served the interests of wealthy capitalists and business owners.

11.   Objectives of industrial capitalism and economic liberalism:

Both aimed to produce profits that could be re-invested in business.

12.   Consequences of industrial capitalism and economic liberalism:

Both led to an increase in social inequalities. According to economic liberalism, the state should not intervene in economic activity. This also meant that the state should not intervene to solve the problems that were created by industrialisation, such as people losing their jobs, high unemployment or poor working conditions.

13.   Explain a class-based society

In this new class-based society, people’s social status depended on their work and their personal wealth, and not on their family background.

14.   A class-based society: Origins:

French Revolution (clergy and nobility privileges were abolished: the end of the estates system); Industrial Revolution (bourgeoisie is the owner of factories; the working class –proletariat- are industrial workers living by working for wages)

15.    A class-based society: Society:

Three groups: upper class, middle class and working class

16.   A class-based society: Society: Social class determined by…

Profession and wealth

17.   A class-based society: Society: Open society:

Anybody could change if their personal situation changed

18.   A class-based society: Society: Theory:

Everybody equal under the law

19.   A class-based society: Society: In practice:

Great economic inequalities:

o   Upper class: Nobility, bourgeoisie capitalists (bankers, factory owners)

o   Middle class: civil servants, lawyers, doctors, small merchants, artisans, small farmers

o   Working class: industrial working class –proletariat-, poor tenant farmers and agricultural laborers

20.   The industrial city:

a.       Urban development

b.      Urban expansion

c.       New residential areas

21.   Industrial working conditions:

Working conditions in factories were generally dangerous and unhealthy.

a.       Machinery was unprotected

b.      A working day was 14 to 16 hours long and wages low

c.       Employed (factory owners) could dismiss (quit) or fine (punish with money) workers

d.      Workers did not have the right to protest or go on strike

e.      No social insurance in cases of illness, accident…

22.   Trade Unions

They were founded (GB), demanding improved working conditions and better wages, joining types of work (miners…)

23.   Chartist movement

It demanded political changes: universal manhood suffrage, and Parliament to pass laws to improve workers’ conditions.

24.   Marxism: Developed by

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

25.   Marxism was based on:

o   Class struggle: Against capitalist oppressor, the wealthy bourgeoisie

o   Dictatorship of the proletariat: Getting political power, the dictatorship would control the economy and redistribute wealth equally.

o   Communism: Replacing the old class-based society, there would be a new communist society in which everyone would be equal

26.   Anarchism: Developed by

Mikhail Bakunin

27.   Anarchism proposed

An ideal society based on:

                                                                           i.      Individual freedom: Fighting against any authority (the state) that limited their freedom

                                                                         ii.      Communes: Small independent groups, where all decisions would be taken by popular assemblies

                                                                        iii.      Direct action: Defending their interests through actions, not political parties or elections, including violent attacks and even murder.

28.   Congress of Vienna

Restoration of absolute monarchy: Monarchs deposed by Napoleon returned to power, although accepting constitutional limits

29.   The Holly Alliance:

To support Europe’s restored monarchs in the event of a revolution: Russia, Austria and Prussia

30.   The Quadruple Alliance:

To support Europe’s restored monarchs in the event of a revolution: Russia, Austria and Prussia (The Holly Alliance), plus GB

31.   Reign of Fernando VII:

o   Restoration of absolutism: Supported by the Spanish people as legitimate king (Manifiesto de los Persas) and absolutists, the Constitution of 1812 was abolished, and ruled as an absolute monarch

o   Liberal period: Member of the Spanish military rebelled against absolutism. Riego and Quiroga, army officers leaded a successful revolt, and the king restored the liberal constitution of 1812

o   Victory of absolutism: Fernando VII asked the Holly Alliance to assist him in re- establishing absolutism (1823, Los Cien Mil Hijos de San Luis) => more revolts, but in this time not successful. “Década Ominosa”

32.   Pragmatic sanction,

It is Fernando VII’s law to allow Isabel (his daughter) to become queen after him, replacing the Salic law, which had excluded females from the throne.

33.   Salic law

It had excluded females from the throne.

34.   Carlists Wars, between…, and they were supported by…

Carlos Mª Isidro, Fernando VII’s brother, and Isabel, Fernando VII’s daughter, winning Isabel, supported by liberals. (Carlos was supported by traditionalists and absolutists).

35.   Compare Liberalism, Nationalism and Democracy, about…

36.   The age of revolution: The absolute monarchy in Europe is ending, through revolutionary movements based on liberal and nationalist ideologies.

a.       1820s:

                                                                           i.      Portugal and Spain: Liberal revolutions => Constitutional monarchies

                                                                         ii.      Greece made independent itself from Ottoman Empire (Nationalist revolution)

b.      1830s:

                                                                           i.      France: Liberal revolution => constitutional monarchy

                                                                         ii.      Belgium made independent itself from the Netherlands (both united by the Congress of Vienna). (Nationalist revolution).

c.       1848s: The most radicals, demanding democratic reforms which would give them (proletariat) access to political power: left wing parties.

                                                                           i.      Austrian Empire: Failed

                                                                         ii.      German Confederation: Failed

                                                                        iii.      Italy: Failed

                                                                       iv.      France: Proclamation of the Second Republic, with universal manhood suffrage.

37.   Italian unification: three names

King Victor Emmanuel II. His prime minister, Cavour. Garibaldi

38.   Italian unification: sites

Initiated by the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. Lombardy (north of Italy). (Venetia and the kingdom of the Two Sicilies too). Rome annexed and became the capital city

39.   German unification: economically

·         Economically, the Zollwerein was absolutely important: this is a custom union to avoid the pay of taxes.

40.   German unification: two names

Otto von Bismarck, Prussian chancellor, Wilhelm I as its Kaiser

41.   German unification: sites

Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, the Alsace-Lorraine

42.   Isabel II supported by:

                                                                           i.      Liberal Party, moderate, who favoured a stronger monarchy

                                                                         ii.      Progressive Party, who wanted to limit royal authority

43.   Political problems in Isabel II majority age:

o   New political parties:

1         Democratic Party, demanding universal manhood suffrage

2         Republican Party, demanding to establish a republic

44.   Amadeo of Savoy: Who was he, and what did happen to him?

Amadeo of Savoy as king of Spain, but had to abdicate because both republicans and carlists. The supporters of Alfonso (legitimate heir of Isabel II) were opposed to him.

45.   The American Civil War (1861-1865):

North vs. South: The war was won by the northern states, and as a result, slavery was finally ended, the universal manhood suffrage as also established, and male citizens of all ethnic backgrounds had the right to vote in elections.

46.   Creole. Leaders

They are Spanish American upper middle class. They wanted more political and economic control. Simón Bolívar. José de San Martín

47.   Germany’s foreign policy:

o   The Bismarckian system: This chancellor made alliance with Austria, Russia and Italy, against France, who wanted to recover Alsace-Lorraine (lost to Germany in 1871)

o   The policies of Wilhelm II: This Kaiser quit Bismarck, abandoned the alliances, and began his Weltpolitik (world politics expansionism), creating tension in Morocco and the Balkan Peninsula

48.   First Republic in Spain. Data. Presidents

The First Republic in Spain ended in 1874 (11 feb 1873-29 dic 1874, Estanislao Figueras, Francisco Pi y Margall, Nicolás Salmerón, Emilio Castelar as presidents).

49.   Finance capitalism and industrial capitalism

Finance capitalism: Industrial capitalism (industrial production was the most important economic activity) replaced by a new system: finance capitalism (activities related to the movement and management of money)

50.   New business structures:

Companies tried to reduce competition by developing new forms of organization:

1         Cartels: Companies working in the same industry (collective decisions about production and prices)

2         Trusts: Giant businesses, various companies working in different industries, controlling the market and eliminating their competitors

3         Holding: Large financial companies buying and holding shares in other companies

51.   Consequences of finance capitalism. Just mention

a.       Consumerism

b.      Economic instability

c.       International trade

d.      Trade imbalances

e.      Increased industrial productivity

52.   Trade imbalances

Industrialized countries bought raw materials in less developed countries and colonies at low prices, and used them to make manufactured goods. Then they sold these goods in less developed countries and colonies at high prices. This caused serious trade imbalances between developed and less developed countries.

53.   The turn-of-the-century world economy: 3 world’s biggest industrial countries:

o   Germany: Europe’s leading industrial producer (iron and steel industry: Bessemer converter). Electrical and chemical industries too.

o   US: Immigration from Europe provided an expanded work-force for industry and westward expansion towards the Pacific (transcontinental railway system)

o   Japan: With no businessmen or investors, the Japanese government built factories, banks and measures to increase the country’s exports.

54.   What about GB in the turn-of-the-century world economy?

GB: Factories outdated, so ceased to be the world’s leading

55.   Imperialism:

Developed countries took control of other regions all over the world, becoming colonies and forming part of the colonial empires.

56.   The colonial empires:

European powers, US and Japan colonized Africa, Asia and Oceania, but the largest colonial empire belonged to GB & France

a.       British Empire: North America, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Its most important possessions: India and Australia

b.      French Empire: Africa and Asia

57.   The colonial powers competed with one another…

Colonies were international prestige too, so the colonial powers competed with one another for control of strategic locations around the world.

58.   The consequences of imperialism

a.       Colonies controlled by a minority imposing European culture. Native people as second-class status and racial segregation

b.      Rivalry between the imperial powers: cause of the First World War

c.       Wealthy nations controlled industry and trade and exploited less developed countries: world economy extremely imbalanced

59.   Spanish political parties at the end of the century

60.   Spanish trade unions at the end of the century

61.   Regenerationism

Regenerationism, promoted by intellectuals (Joaquín Costa), wanted to improve the lives of working-class people.

62.   Catholic movement at the turn of the century

Catholic workingmen’s associations helped factory workers to provide for their families.

63.   The Anarchist movement in Spain

The Anarchist movement found support among workers on the large agricultural estates (latifundios) in Andalucia and industrial workers in Cataluña.

GCSE     History

Section Two – The First World War

The Road to War

-          The Great Powers in Europe 1900

o   Five main rival nations in Europe:

1         Britain: One quarter of the world’s people. Rich industries. Strong navy

2         France: Resented for losing Alsace-Lorraine to Germany (1871)

3         Russia: The biggest country in Europe (Tsar Nicholas II). No land overseas (wanting access to the sea)

4         Austria-Hungary (10 different nationalities wanting independence) Emperor Franz Joseph II

5         Germany: Small empire ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm II, jealous of Britain’s superior sea power

The only way to get an advantage over your enemies was to make secret alliances against them.

o   Alliances were formed for security

1. 1879 – Dual Alliance (Germany and Austria-Hungary)

2. 1882 – Triple Alliance: Italy joined the dual (France and Russia get nervous)

3. 1892 – Franco-Russian Alliance against triple alliance

4. 1904 – Entente Cordiale (Britain and France)

5. 1907 – Triple Entente (Russia, Britain and France)

Tension Builds – 1900-1914

o   Germany and Britain began an arms race

1         The Kaiser wanted Germany to be a major world power but he needed a bigger navy

2         1900-1914 Germany built 40 battleships and cruisers

3         Britain: a policy called the Two power standard (the royal navy always had to be as big as the next two strongest navies in Europe put together. It meant Britain would never be outnumbered at sea)

4         Britain built the first Dreadnought (1906)

5         Germany built its own version (1907), but Britain had a new, bigger kind

6         1914: Britain 29 Dreadnoughts; Germany, 17

o   The major powers made plans for war

1         Germany: The Schlieffen Plan: To defeat France before Russia mobilized, fighting Russia on her own

2         France: Plan 17 to recapture Alsace-Lorraine from Germany

3         Britain: Expeditionary Force (150.000 men). The Territorial Army was also set up

4         Russia and Austria started to mobilize 1909

o   There were two crises over Morocco

1         Moroccan crisis 1905-6

2         The Agadir Crisis 1911

Trouble in the Balkans

o   The Balkans were controlled by the Turkish Empire

o   Other powers were involved

o   In 1908 Austria seized Bosnia and Herzegovina

o   Two wars created more tensions

1         The First Balkan War

2         The Second Balkan War

The Outbreak of War

o   The Black Hand was a Serbian Nationalist Group

o   In 1914 the Austrian heir officially visited Bosnia

o   Events moved quickly towards war

Warm-up Questions and Sources

1. List the three countries which made up the Triple Alliance. List the three countries in the Triple Entente

Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente: Russia, Britain and France

1. What does it mean to say that Britain and Germany began an “arms race”?

These governments increased military spending and trained more troops

1. Briefly describe what happened during the Agadir Crisis of 1911

French troops sent to Fez to fight Moroccan rebels. Germany accused France of trying to take control over Morocco, and sent a warship (Panther), hoping to force France to give them the French Congo. Britain objected to the German action because they had a naval base nearby at Gibraltar (they sent warships to Agadir). Germany backed down and recognized French influence in Morocco (Germans felt anti-British)

1. Why did Serbia resent the 1908 Austrian invasion of Bosnia?

Many people living there were Slavs, who wanted to unite with Serbia. The Austrian invasion was resented by the Slavic peoples everywhere, including Russia. Serbia wanted to unite the Slavic peoples in the region, and resented the invasion of Bosnia

1. What event in June 1914 triggered the First World War?

The Archduke was killed by a Serb student called Princip while he visited Sarajevo in June 1914. Princip was a Black Hand member. This assassination only triggered the war, it didn’t cause it.

1. Briefly explain how the alliance system sucked all the major powers of Europe into war

23 July: Austria-Hungary blames the Serbian government for the assassination, issuing a 10-point ultimatum. The ultimatum states that if Serbia doesn’t give up its independence, Austria-Hungary will send troops into Serbia

28 July: Serbia refuses to let these troops in. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

29 July: Russia begins mobilizing troops ready to help Serbia

30 July: Germany demands that Russia stop mobilizing

1 August: Russia refuses. Germany declares war on Russia. France begins mobilizing to help Russia

3 August: Germany declares war on France and sends troops through Belgium to attack, following the Schlieffen Plan

4 August: Belgium is neutral, and Britain has agreed to protect Belgium. Britain orders Germany to withdraw. Germany refuses. Britain declares war on Germany.

6 August: Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.

The Schlieffen Plan

-          The Germans had to fight France and Russia.

The Schlieffen Plan aimed to attack and defeat France through Belgium before the Russians were ready, then turn back to fight the Russian Army

-          The plan didn’t work for three reasons:

Belgium refused, Britain declared war on Germany, Russia was ready for war quicker than the Germans had expected

-          Trench warfare - neither  army could win

Neither side could push the other back, so they dug trenches to stop the enemy advancing further. By the end of 1914, the trench-lines stretched all the way from the Belgian coast down to Switzerland and the two armies had reached a stalemate.

Stalemate in the west

-          Changes in warfare meant stalemate in the trenches

-          The Generals kept sending troops ‘over the top’

-          The Somme was a major battle and a major disaster

Trench warfare: all quiet on the Western Front

The Eastern Front

-          The Russian Army was supposed to be a steamroller

-          But the Russian advance was a failure

The Russian steamroller-it was big but rusty: The Russian advance was a disaster, but not useless. Remember-because the Russians got ready for war quickly the Schlieffen Plan failed.

Fighting on all Fronts

-          War around the world

-          This was a real world war-from East to West and back

-          British forces achieved real success in the Middle East

The End of the Fighting

-          Russia pulled out of the War in 1917

-          In April 1917 the USA joined the Allies

-          Germany had to attack before all the Americans arrived

The War to End all Wars

-          1914-“It’ll be over by Xmas”

-          1918-“The war to end all wars”

-          Reasons for the change in public opinion

Revision Summary (1) The First World War

1. Which of the Great Powers had the biggest Empire in the world in 1900? Major powers

Britain. Major powers: Germany, Britain, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary

1. Which two bits of land had France lost to Germany in 1871?

Alsace-Lorraine

1. Who were the rulers of Russia and Germany at the time?

Tsar Nicholas II, Kaiser Wilhelm II, respectively

1. Which of the major powers had (1) the largest navy? (2) the largest army?

Britain. Britain and Germany

1. List the key alliances between 1882 and 1907 which split the major powers into two opposing camps

1882 – Triple Alliance: Italy joined the dual (France and Russia get nervous)

1892 – Franco-Russian Alliance against triple alliance

1904 – Entente Cordiale (Britain and France)

1907 – Triple Entente (Russia, Britain and France)

1. Name the two new forces started by Britain as part of her preparations for war

It created an Expeditionary Force of 150,000 men, ready to travel immediately to Europe in case of war, and the Territorial Army was also set up

1. Write a paragraph on the Agadir Crisis of 1911

French troops sent to Fez to fight Moroccan rebels. Germany accused France of trying to take control over Morocco, and sent a warship (Panther), hoping to force France to give them the French Congo. Britain objected to the German action because they had a naval base nearby at Gibraltar (they sent warships to Agadir). Germany backed down and recognized French influence in Morocco (Germans felt anti-British)

1. Give the reasons why Germany, Austria, Russia and Italy all wanted influence in the Balkans at this time

Germany: Wanted a railway to the east through the Balkans

Austria wanted to stop Serbia from revolting the Slavic people inside its own lands, who wanted independence and hoped Serbia would help them

Russia (Slavic too) wanted a sea access from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, controlled by the Ottoman Empire

Italy wanted to control the other side of the Adriatic Sea (Tripoli token 1911)

1. Which Balkan states started the Balkan League? When?

Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro formed the Balkan League and attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1912

1. What was the First Balkan War about? When did it happen?

Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro formed the Balkan League and attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1912. The Turks were beaten and were driven out of the Balkan area and forced to give up their lands there

1. What happened in the Second Balkan War? How did this leave Serbia?

1913 Bulgaria went to war with Greece and Serbia. Turkey and Romania joined the Greek and Serbian side and Bulgaria was soon defeated losing land to the four victors

1. Who was the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne? Where was he visiting in June 1914?

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the throne, and he went to Bosnia to help the loyalty of the Bosnian people to Austria-Hungary

1. Why was Princip’s nationality so important?

Because he was a Serb student, and Austria reacted angrily (Serbian people wanted to unify all the slave people)

1. What did Austria demand from Serbia after the assassination?

An ultimatum states that if Serbia doesn’t give up its independence, Austria-Hungary will send troops into Serbia

1. What did Russia do when Serbia asked for help?

Russia begins mobilizing troops ready to help Serbia

1. What was Germany’s reaction to Russia’s action?

Germany demands that Russia stop mobilizing, and finally declares war on Russia

1. Why did Britain decide to declare war?

Belgium is neutral, and Britain has agreed to protect Belgium. Britain orders Germany to withdraw. Germany refuses. Britain declares war on Germany

1. Write down at least four reasons for the outbreak of World War I

Assassination, ultimatum, Russian troops, Britain declaring war on Germany

1. Here’s a list of important battles –put them into chronological order- Next to each, note what was important about each one-: MARNE, FIRST BATTLE OF YPRES, THE SOMME, MONS, 2ND BATTLE OF YPRES, PASSCHEDAELE, VERDUN, TANNENBERG, CAPORETTO, CAMBRAI

Trench warfare

o   Mons: Britain managed to slow down the German advance (they didn’t stop it)

o   Marne: The allied troops managed to save Paris, and forced the Germans to pull back to the river Aisne.

o   1st Battle of Ypres: Both sides wanted to stop the other side controlling the coastline

Stalemate in the West

o   2nd Battle of Ypres: Germans used poison gas for the first time against the Allied troops

o   Verdun: The French, under Marshal Petain, held the Germans back

o   Somme: Britain used a new invention: the tank

Russian advance as a failure

o   Tannenberg: 200,000 Russians were killed by German Troops led by Ludendorff.

From East to West and back

o   Caporetto: Italy, helping the allies, attacking Austria and Germany from the South, but defeated at the battle of Caporetto

USA joined the Allies

o   Passchendaele: Also known as 3rd Battle of Ypres: 400,000 Allied troops were killed or wounded to win a few hundred meters of mud

o   Cambrai: As well as Passchendaele

1. Give at least four reasons why the Russian offensive failed in 1914

1.       They didn’t have enough weapons

2.       They weren’t prepared for a long campaign

3.       The Army was poorly organized (no discipline) (compare Spanish Civil War)

4.       200,000 Russians killed in battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes

1. List three reasons why the Schlieffen Plan didn’t work

1.       Belgium refused to let the German army through to attack France, so Germany had to enter Belgium by force

2.       Belgium was a neutral country, signed with Britain, so when Germany refused to withdraw from Belgium, Britain declared war on Germany

3.       Russia was ready for war quicker than the Germans had expected=> German troops had to march East to face them instead of pushing on into France

1. How far did the trenches stretch by the end of 1914? Give 6 reasons why trench warfare lasted so long

1.       Nobody was used to trench warfare and no-one could break the stalemate

2.       New weapons better for defense than attack (grenades, mines, gas, machine gun, aircraft, tank)

3.       Advancing troops couldn’t hold on to the ground they won, and were pushed back

4.       Both sides were well supplied (arms and men)

5.       Conditions (all the world) not suited for quick attacks

6.       Artillery bombardments were supposed to weaken enemy lines, but they just warned the enemy an attack was coming

1. What successes did the Allies have in Palestine in 1917-18?

They beat the Turks at the Battle of Beersheva, and took Jerusalem. Then took Damascus, led by Sir Edmund Allenby, and finally British forces controlled the area

1. The Bolshevik leaders of Russia signed a treaty with Germany in 1918. What was this treaty called?

Brest-Litovsk

1. Name the Russian Tsar who was forced out of power in 1917

Tsar Nicholas II

1. Give two reasons why USA joined the War in 1917

The effects of German U-Boat activity, and a German attempt to encourage Mexico to attack the USA: this was a direct threat

1. Why didn’t people at home know about the terrible conditions on the Western Front?

Government censorship prevented people getting the real news from the Front

1. Give as many reasons as you can why people’s attitudes to the War had changed so much in Britain by 1918

People’s attitudes had changed a lot since 1914. They didn’t see war as a big adventure anymore

The liberal reforms 1906-1914

The need for reform

Poor people faced serious hardship in 1900

Two reports said a third of British people were poor

Public opinion on helping poor people began to change

                Conservatives, liberals and labour

                               The political parties had very different attitudes to poverty

                               A royal commission investigated poverty

                Laws to help children

                               After 1906 the liberals brought in social reforms

                               Children needed special protection

                Laws to help old people

                               Old people got state pensions

                Laws for the protection of working people

                               People injured at work got compensation

                               The National Insurance Act of 1911

                               Part One helped with health insurance

                Laws for the Protection of working people

                               Part Two set up unemployment benefit for a few trades

                               The trade board act of 1909 set a minimum wage

                               The Labour Exchange Act set up job centres

                Effects of the Liberal reforms

                               Lloyd George wanted to raise taxes to pay for the reforms

                               The liberals had to call a General Election in 1910

                               The liberal reforms left some problems unsolved…

                               …but changed attitudes to helping the poor

Warm-up questions

1. Name the two reports which proved that many British people were living in poverty.

Seebohm Rowntree (had a factory in York). Charles Booth (published “Life and Labour of the People in London”)

1. Why did the Liberal government introduce social reforms after the 1906 General Election?

The Minority Report, combined with pressure from the general public, and the pressure from the Labour Party encouraged the Liberals to bring laws in that would deal with poverty

1. A) Make a list of the names and dates of the laws passed to introduce social  reforms 1906-11

B) Next to the name of each law write down the change/s it brought about, and the social group which benefited.

               Children

                               1906 School Meals Act

                               1907 Free medical inspections

                               1908 Children’s Charter

               Old people

                               1908 Old Age Pensions Act (People over 70 got pensions)

               Working people

                               1906 The workmen’s Compensation Act

                               1909 Trade Board Act (Minimum Wage)

                               1911 The National Insurance Act (Health Insurance and Unemployment benefit)

4. How did Lloyd George intend to pay for the social reform programme?

                Lloyd George wanted to raise taxes to pay for the reforms

Revision Summary (2) The liberal reforms 1906-1914

1. In 1900 where did old people go when they fell into poverty?

The only option form many old people was the workhouse

1. Who ran the workhouses?

The local councils

1. What are the names of the two men who published reports on poverty in 1901 and 1903?

Seebohm Rowntree (had a factory in York). Charles Booth (published “Life and Labour of the People in London”)

1. Name three groups of people who thought the Government ought to do more to help the poor

1.       Writers (George Bernard Shaw): Poor people needed help

2.       Socialists argued that wealth should be more equally spread

3.       Labour Party argued that the Government should give financial help

1. What did most conservatives think about giving Government help to poor people in 1900?

1.       The Government should interfere as little as possible in people’s lives

2.       People should be free to decide how to spend their money, so it was wrong to raise taxes

3.       Giving poor people money was morally wrong as it undermined their independence

1. Which government set up a Royal Commission to look at the Poor Law? What year was it?

In 1905 the Conservative Government set up a Royal Commission to look at the Poor Law

1. How many reports did they write? What were they called?

The Majority Report & The Minority Report

1. Who won the General Election in 1906?

In 1906 the Liberal Party won a landslide general election victory over the Conservatives

1. What does LEA stand for?

In 1906 the School Meals Act allowed LEAs (Local Education Authorities. They were in charge of running state schools) to supply free school meals paid for out of rates (local council tax)

1. Name three things children under 16 weren’t allowed to do after the Children’s Charter in 1908

The Charter made it illegal for children younger than 16 to buy cigarettes, go into a pub or beg

1. What two new ideas did Herbert Samuel come up with to help young offenders?

He set up Borstals (special prisons for young offenders so they wouldn’t have to go to adult prisons)

He set up the probation service to try to keep young people from reoffending

1. What was David Lloyd George’s job when he introduced the Old Age Pensions Act of 1908?

He was Chancellor of the Exchequer

1. What did the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1906 say? How many workers did it cover?

Employers had to pay workers compensation for injuries and diseases if they had got them as a result of their work. It covered 6 million workers who hadn’t previously had any legal protection

1. How many parts has the National Insurance Act (1911) got?

The Act came in two parts: health insurance and unemployment benefit

1. What was Part One of the National Insurance Act about?

The Act came in two parts: health insurance and unemployment benefit

1. It’s 1912. A worker in a cotton mill has got pneumonia. She earns £90 a year. How much sick pay is she entitled to?

2. It’s still 1912. Bill the miner has been sacked. Will he get unemployment benefit?

3. What’s a sweated industry?

Tailoring, lace-making and cardboard-box making, by women or foreign immigrants

1. Which two acts did Winston Churchill and William Beveridge work together on?

They put together the Trade Board Act (1909) setting a minimum wage, and also worked on the Labour Exchanges Act, setting up job centres

1. How many people were entitled to a minimum wage by 1914?

By 1914, two million workers were covered by the trade boards and so had the security of a minimum wage

1. What was the popular name for Lloyd George’s 1909 budget?

He proposed the tax increases in the 1909 budget. It was designed to tax the rich more heavily than the poor –so it became known as the People’s budget

1. Who stopped the budget from becoming law first time around?

It had to be passed by the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Although the conservatives were bitterly opposed to the Budget, the Liberals got the bill through the Commons. But it was rejected in the House of Lords where conservatives held the majority. The liberals couldn’t see any way of getting the bill through Parliament: this was a constitutional crisis

1. What was the name and date of the act the Liberals brought in to stop this happening again?

To prevent such crises the Parliament Act was passed in 1911: The Lords were no longer allowed to reject bills on financial issues. They could reject other bills twice –but the third time they’d automatically become law

1. Give two reasons why these reforms changed attitudes to helping the poor

This was the first time that national taxes had been used to help the poor

The State took on responsibility for protecting citizens from extreme hardship in sickness, old age and unemployment for the first time

Britain in the First World War

The British Expeditionary Force

                Britain declared war on Germany on 4 august 1914

                Britain sent the BEF to help France and Belgium

                After Ypres the British Army needed more men

Trench Warfare

                Trench warfare created deadlock

                Life in the trenches was hard and dangerous

                Thousands of lives were lost for small gains

Tanks and Aircraft

                At first aircraft were used for surveillance and bombing

                Fighter planes were developed during the war

                Tanks made it easier to attack on the ground

The Western Front

                The Battle of the Somme killed 1 million men

                The Battle of the Somme had mixed results

                People still can’t agree on whether the tactics were right

The War at Sea

                Blockades were more important than all-out battles

                The German and British navies clashed at Jutland

                The Battle of Jutland led to more U-boat attacks

Volunteers from the Empire

                Canadians, Australians and New Zealanders volunteered

                Gallipoli was the worst part of the war for the ANZACS

                Canadians served in the Army, the Navy and the Air Force

The War at Home

                Parliament passed the Defence of the Realm Act

                Thousands of men volunteered to fight –but it wasn’t enough

                The Government introduced conscription en 1916

                Women started doing “men’s jobs”

Food shortages

                German U-boats made it hard to import food

1         Navy convoys protected merchant ships coming in to Britain

2         Food rationing started in 1918

3         Britain grew more food

Attitudes to the War in Britain

                At the start the war looked like an adventure

                At first people didn’t really know what was going on

                During the war ordinary people’s attitudes changed

The end of the war

                The war finally ended in November 1918

                The war was known as “the war to end all wars”

Women’s suffrage 1900-1928

Women’s Rights in 1900

                Women couldn’t vote in national elections

                Women’s legal rights weren’t equal –but getting better

                They had a chance of an education or a professional job

The Campaign for the vote 1900-1914

                The Suffragists were moderate in their protests

                The Suffragettes were more direct

                After 1912 the protests got more extreme

                The Government dealt with the protests harshly

Women and the vote 1918-1928

                During the war women did “men’s jobs”

                The other reasons for giving women the vote were…

                Women 30+ got the vote in 1918

Warm-up questions

1. List three improvements to women’s legal rights before 1900

   1. 1857: Matrimonial Clauses Act (divorce)

   2. 1870: Married Women’s Property Act (keep property)

   3. 1886: Guardianship of Infants Act (legal guardian)

2. List five ways in which the campaign for votes for women became more extreme after 1912

1.       Suffragettes claimed Downing Street and Buckingham Palace

2.       They physically assaulted politicians

3.       They destroyed paintings in the National Gallery

4.       Suffragettes made arson attacks on post boxes, churches …

5.       1913 a suffragette called Emily Davison threw herself under the feet or the King’s horse, and died of her injuries

1. How did the Government deal with the Suffragette movement before 1914?

The Government dealt with the protests harshly (prison, force-fed to hunger strike…)

1. Briefly explain how World War One affected women

During the war women did men’s jobs: bus conductors, drivers, postal workers, munition factories, nurses in military hospitals…

1. Why did the vote not lead to instant equality?

The vote didn’t go to all women over 21 until 1928, when women finally got equal voting rights

Revision Summary (3) Britain in the First World War

1. Who were Britain’s allies at the start of the First World War?

Britain was allied to France and Russia by an agreement called the Triple Entente

1. What was the Schlieffen Plan? How was it supposed to work?

Germany already had a strategy for invading France, and it was called the Schlieffen Plan: To push down through Belgium and the capture Paris; the Germans should be able to take control of France within weeks, but Belgium was neutral and Britain stepped in to help them and declares war on 4 august

1. What does BEF stand for?

BEF stands for British Expeditionary Force

1. Name the three major battles fought in 1914 which stopped the German advance

Ypres, Mons, and the river Marne

1. How many men had volunteered for the army in Britain by September 1914?

After the   , by september 1914 there were half a million volunteers. Another half million men joined by February 1915

1. Give two reasons why trenches were easy to defend

-          Machine guns ready to mow down and attack

-          Protected by barbed wire

1. Give two reasons why trenches were easy to attack

-          Artillery was meant to break through the enemy’s barbed wire

-          It just warned the other side an attack was coming

1. Who replaced Sir John French as the British commander in 1915?

Sir Douglas Haig

1. What two main tasks were aircraft used for during the war?

At first aircraft were used for surveillance and bombing

1. Give two reasons why tanks made ground attacks easier than before

They could go over very rough ground, and plough through barbed wire. The gun fire couldn’t stop them

1. What was the reason for the British attack on the Somme?

In order to relieve the pressure on Verdun (attacked by Germany), Haig decided on a major attack: Somme

1. How many men were killed or wounded on the first day of the Battle of the Somme?

57000 Britons were killed or wounded on the first day alone

1. Give two reasons why some people say Haig’s tactics at the Somme were wrong

-          Haig could have waited for more tanks, which might have saved many lives

-          Once he saw the first day’s slaughter he could have changed his tactics

1. Give two reasons why some people say Haig’s tactics at the Somme were right

-          Haig couldn’t wait for more tanks –he had to relieve the pressure on Verdun or the whole war might be lost. He used the tanks he had

-          Haig had learnt to adapt these attacking tactics so that they became highly successful

1. What weapon did the Germans use against the Royal Navy and passenger ships?

The only weapon the Germans had against the Royal Navy was the U-Boats

1. Give two reasons why it’s hard to say who won the Battle of Jutland, 1916

The British lost 14 ships, and the Germans lost 11

The British ships were more severely damaged

The Germans left the battle first

1. What does ANZAC stand for?

The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps were known as ANZACs

1. What was the name of the campaign to capture Constantinople from the Turks?

The Gallipoli campaign

1. Give four things the Government was allowed to do by the Defence of The Realm Act 1914

Take control of vital industries (coal, mining…)

Take over three million acres of land

Control drinking hours and the strength of alcohol

Censor newspapers

Introduce conscription

1. When was Conscription introduced?

The Government introduced conscription in 1916, when thousands of men volunteered to fight, but it wasn’t enough

1. What three steps did Lloyd George take to avoid a food supply crisis?

1.       Navy convoys protected merchant ships coming in to Britain

2.       Food rationing started in 1918

3.       Britain grew more food

1. Give three reasons why people’s attitudes to the war changed between 1914 and 1918

Rationing was difficult, and richer people felt it was a hardship

Taxes had increased to pay for the war

Soldiers returning on leave were able to describe the trenches

1. Give two of the main points from the Versailles Treaty 1919

Germany had to return land taken from France, Belgium, Poland and others

German colonies in Africa were shared between Fr and Brit

Germany had to pay reparations of £6600 million to compensate the Allies for the cost of the war

1. Give two reasons why the mood was bleak in Britain after the war

No war in history had produced so many casualties. It felt as though the loss of huge numbers of young men had changed the balance of society

Soldiers who’d been through the War were even more disillusioned when they returned home

1. Give four reasons why some people believed women shouldn’t have the vote in 1900

The big wide world was men’s business

Women weren’t very rational so they wouldn’t be able to make big decisions

Only a very few rich women owned houses or paid the rent

If only rich women got the vote they’d most likely vote Conservative. The liberals didn’t like that idea

1. What two acts were brought in, in 1870? What did they do to help women?

The Married Women’s Property Act gave women the right to keep their property

The Married Women’s Act said that a husband who left his wife had to keep paying for her maintenance

1. Who were the Suffragists? Who was their leader?

The National Union of Women’s suffrage societies were moderate in their protests. Leader: Millicent Fawcett

1. Who were the Suffragettes? In what ways were they different from the Suffragists?

They were more direct (Women’s social and political union). They think the Suffragists took things too slowly. They wanted to see results, and fast. Founded by Emmeline Pankhurst

1. What happened in 1912 to make the suffragettes’ campaign turn more extreme?

The liberal government had accepted the idea of some women voting, and tried to put it into their Plural Voting Bill for Parliament to discuss, but the Speaker refused to let them add it. The Suffragettes were furious and protests got far more extreme and violent

1. Give four examples of extreme tactics used by the Suffragettes

Chained themselves to railings (Downing Street…)

Physically assaulted politicians

Destroyed paintings (National Gallery)

Bombed houses (Lloyd George)

1. How did the Government deal with these protests?

Harshly: They sent many Suffragettes to prison. The authorities could release hunger strikers then re-arrest them when they were fit again

1. List all the advantages and disadvantages of the Suffragettes’ tactics you can think of

1. Give four reasons why some women got the vote after the First World War

During the war women did men’s jobs

A shake-up of the voting system was already happening

People’s attitudes to women had changed

The Suffragette had called off their campaign at the beginning of the war: Nobody wanted them starting up again

1. What categories of women got the right to vote in the Representation of the People Act, 1918

Not all women got the vote. The ones who did had to be:

-          Over 30 and a householder

Or

-          Over 21 and married to a householder

1. When did women finally get equal voting rights to men? What age did they have to be?

The vote didn’t go to all women over 21 until 1928, when women finally got equal voting rights

The Peace Treaties

The Peace Settlement

               The three concerns for the winners

               The Big Three: France, Britain and the USA

               Wilson’s Fourteen Points

The Versailles Treaty

               The Treaty of Versailles was signed in June 1919

               The Versailles Treaty

                               The results of the Versaille Treaty were severe

                               Some people said the treaty was fair

                               Others said the treaty was too harsh

Reactions to the Treaty

               The Germans resented the Treaty

               Problems were building up for the future

The Other Treaties

               Four more important treaties

               Key results of the treaties

Warm-up questions

1.       List briefly what the victorious countries wanted from the peace treaties which followed the end of World War One

France: Punish Germany hard to keep France safe

Britain: Punish Germany but not too much

USA: Being generous, to stop wars happening again

2.       Briefly explain the importance of Wilson’s Fourteen Points

The point 14 called for a League of Nations to settle disputes

3.       Why can the Treaty of Versailles be described as a ‘compromise’

Opinion was divided on the Treaty: The Treaty pleased very few people

4.       Briefly explain why Germany resented the Treaty of Versailles

Could not afford reparations

Lost industrial areas

Lost pride without armed forces

Saw other countries weren’t disarming

Did not accept defeat

Didn’t accept guilt for starting the war

Suffering economic crisis

Lost colonies

Many Germans now living under foreign rule in ‘new’ countries

5.       Why was the Treaty of Versailles said to be ‘too harsh’ by some people, and ‘fair’ by others?

-          People saying the treaty was fair:

o   So much death and damage caused by the War

o   Germany had to be stopped

o   France and Britain wanted revenge

-          People saying the treaty was too harsh:

o   The punishment was too severe

o   Germany weak and resentful: future trouble, like another war

o   Germany couldn’t afford the reparations

o   Men negotiating peace faced pressure from the people at home

The League of Nations

                The League came from the Fourteen Points

                It was intented to police the world

Successes and failures of the League

                The League had some early successes

                The League failed to sort out the Corfu Incident 1923

Problems with the League of Nations

                The USA didn’t join the League

                The League wasn’t powerful enough

More International Agreements

                The main agreements 1921-1929

                There seemed to be a real chance of peace

                But all of these agreements had problems

Warm-up questions

1. What were the four main aims of the League of Nations?

-          Stopping aggression

-          Disarmament

-          Encouraging cooperation

-          Improving living and working conditions

1. What could the League of Nations do to prevent disputes between countries from turning into wars?

The League could warn countries in disputes, apply economic sanctions, then send troops in

1. In what ways was the League of Nations successful in the 1920s?

-          It solved the disputes:

o   Germany and Poland over Upper Silesia

o   Sweden and Finland over the Aaland Islands

o   When Greece invaded Bulgaria

-          It also did a lot of good work to help refugees after the war

-          It fought against slavery, and tried to create better working conditions for people all across the world

1. Why did the USA decide against joining the League of Nations?

-          America hadn’t liked the Versailles treaty (connected to it)

-          It would be too expensive (isolationism)

-          All people should be free under democracy (Br and Fr keep undemocratic colonies)

1. Why could the League of Nations be described as a ‘weak’ organization?

Br and Fr (in charge) were not strong enough: they cannot apply sanctions

Germany and Russia were not allowed to be members

The League had no army

The organization was a disaster

1. Make a list of the five main problems which existed in international affairs at the end of the 1920s

1.       Defeated countries were angry they had been forced to disarm

2.       The benefits of the Dawes and Young Plans were wiped out by the economic Depression

3.       Countries began to make agreements without the League of Nations

4.       Germany agreed to its Western Borders at Locarno, but nothing about the East (Czechoslovakia and Poland)

5.       No-one knew what’d happen if a country broke the Kellogg-Briand Pact

Boom and Bust in the 1920s

Changes in European Politics

                The Italian Democracy soon ran into trouble

                The rise of Fascism seemed to be unstoppable

                Many countries were now becoming dictatorships

The Booming Twenties

                Most countries were getting richer

                Behind the prosperity were signs of trouble

                Many European countries had US debts

The causes of the Great Depression

                The world economy was producing too much

1.       The boom encouraged borrowing

2.       Europe couldn’t afford US goods

The Wall Street Crash 1929

The effects of the Great Depression

                The effects of the Depression in the USA

                The Depression in Britain and Europe

                Some good things came out of the Depression

Warm-up questions

1. Why did the idea of dictatorship become popular in some European countries in the 1920s?

Democracy was rejected by people who felt betrayed by the Peace Treaties and the poor living conditions since the War finished –instead  dictators were coming to power-

1. How did Mussolini establish a dictatorship in Italy?

He changed the voting rules, and in the next elections of 1924 the Fascists swept to power, beginning to change Italy into a dictatorship, ridding of other political parties and became the Head of State

1. How did the German economy become dependent on American loans in the 1920s?

Germany, which had relied on USA loans, was particularly badly affected, with banks failing, exports suffering and unemployment rising

1. Make a list of four underlying problems in the world economy which led to the start of the economic depression

The world economy was producing too much

The boom encouraged borrowing

Europe couldn’t afford US goods

The Wall Street Crash 1929

1. What was the ‘Wall Street Crash’ of 1929?

People selling shares=>prices dropped=>business collapsed and people ruined=>banks couldn’t keep value of shares artificially because no money=>banks failed=>government should not interfere

1. Describe how the depression affected the USA, Britain and Germany

USA: stopped lending money abroad, 2000 banks collapsed, 12 million people unemployed

Britain: Forced to devalue the £, introduced protection, 3 million unemployed, general strikes

Germany: Banks failing, exports suffering, unemployment raising, 6 million unemployed, democracy threatened

Revision Summary (4) The Peace Treaties

1. What were the three main principles that guided the negotiators of the Versailles Treaty 1919?

-          Millions of people dead; too much money spent

-          Germany wasn’t allowed to take part in the talks

-          This wouldn’t happen again (system of alliances failed)

1. Who were the ‘big three’ who led the talks at Versailles?

France, Britain and USA

1. Which of them wanted Germany punished most?

France

1. Which of Wilson’s Fourteen Points actually happened?

14: League of Nations to settle disputes

1. What does self-determination mean?

The right to choose the own destiny

1. Which area was demilitarized? What size armed forces was Germany allowed?

The Rhineland was demilitarized. Germany’s armed forces were reduced to 100,000 men, only volunteers, without armored vehicles, aircraft, or submarines, and only 6 warships

1. How much was Germany expected to pay in damages? What were these called?

Germany was forced to pay £6.6 billion in reparations –payments for the damage caused. The amount was decided in 1921 but was changed later. It would have taken Germany until the 1980’s to pay

Germany had to take the blame for the War – The War-Guilty Clause

1. What do you understand by the term ‘Mandates’?

Areas around the world that used to belong to Germany were now called Mandates, and they were going to be run by the League of Nations

1. Name three new countries which had been set up by Versailles

Austro-Hungarian: Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia

Russian: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Besarabia

Turkey: Bulgaria

1. Give at least three reasons why Versailles was not too harsh, and four why it was

The treaty was fair:

The war had caused so much death and damage

Germany had to be stopped from doing it again

People wanted revenge

                The treaty was too harsh

                               The punishment was too severe

                               The Germans were left weak and resentful

The treaty wouldn’t help rebuild European trade and wealth (Germany couldn’t afford the reparations)

1. Name the other Treaties which followed Versailles. Write briefly what each one did

1. Name at least three nationalities living in the new Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia had 2 million Germans, as well as Slovaks, Hungarians, Poles, Ukrainians, and over 6 million Czechs

1. List the main aims of the League of Nations. What does Covenant mean?

-          Stopping aggression

-          Disarmament

-          Encouraging cooperation

-          Improving living and working conditions

               All the members followed a Covenant of 26 rules: The League could warn countries in disputes, apply economic sanctions, then send troops in, and improve social conditions on health, slavery and refugees

1. What were the weaknesses of the Assembly, the Council, and the Court of Justice?

The organization was a disaster: in the Assembly and the Council everyone had to agree before anything could happen so it was hard to reach decisions. The Court of Justice had no powers to make a country act

1. Name at least three early successes which the League enjoyed

It solved the disputes:

• 1. Germany and Poland over Upper Silesia

  2. Sweden and Finland over the Aaland Islands

  3. When Greece invaded Bulgaria

1. Give four reasons why people in the USA would not accept membership of the League of Nations

1.       America hadn’t liked the Versailles treaty (connected to it)

2.       It would be too expensive (isolationism)

3.       All people should be free under democracy (Br and Fr keep undemocratic colonies)

4.       Wilson’s political enemies wanted to make him unpopular and get rid of him

1. Why would Britain and France find it difficult to lead the League

Neither country was strong enough after the war to do the job properly: economic and military sanctions could only work if a powerful nation like the USA was applying them, but most countries were still busy rebuilding after the War

1. Which two important nations apart from USA were not members at the beginning

Germany and Russia were not allowed to be members when the League was first formed

1. Write brief notes to show the importance of the Corfu incident 1923

Mussolini wanted both apologize and money compensation after the murder of Italian diplomat, invading the Greek island of Corfu. The League argued in favor of compensation. Finally, Mussolini received money and apologizes: the League was weak, very weak

1. List all the main international agreements which took place in the 1920s. Write short notes on what each of them tried to do

-          Washington Conference 1921: USA, Br & Fr reduced size of Navies

-          Rapallo Treaty 1922: Rus & Ger resumed diplomatic relations

-          Geneva Protocol 1924: Tried to make countries use the League to sort out disputes

-          Dawes Plan 1924: USA plan to lend money to Germany and extend payments

-          Locarno Treaties 1925: Germany agreed to western borders set at Versailles

-          Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928: 65 nations agreed not to use force to settle arguments

-          Young Plan 1929: Reduced reparations by 75% gave Germany 59 years to pay

1. Why did Germany feel angry about the failure of disarmament in the 1920s

After the Washington Conference, nobody wanted to reduce arms further –the League had failed in its disarmament plans. Defeated countries were angry they had been forced to disarm

1. Write short notes on the weaknesses of Locarno and the Kellogg-Briand Pact

Countries began to make agreements without the League of Nations because they didn’t trust it to be effective -France made treaties with several countries because it didn’t trust Germany. The Locarno Treaties had nothing to do with the League of Nations. Germany agreed to its Western Borders at Locarno, but nothing was said about the East –worrying Czechoslovakia and Poland

No-one knew what’d happen if a country broke the Kellogg-Briand Pact

1. What does democracy mean?

This means the people vote in elections for the government they want to run the country

1. Who were the Fascists? Why were they called that?

Hitler and Mussolini are the leaders. They’re in the extreme right-wing. Fascism takes its name from the Roman fasces, the bundle of rods and the axe that were the symbol of authority in ancient Rome

Fascism was the big danger to democracy –when a strong leader appealed to the people by taking firm military control and rejecting the interference or other countries. Most dictators were cruel tyrants who would bully and even murder their opponents when it suited them

1. How did Mussolini first come to power?

He changed the voting rules, and in the next elections of 1924 the Fascists swept to power, beginning to change Italy into a dictatorship, ridding of other political parties and became the Head of State: Il Duce (the leader)

1. Name two other countries that gave up democracy in the 1920s

Hungary 1920, Turkey 1924 (Mustafa Kemal Ataturk), Albania 1928, Poland 1926, Lithuania 1926, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria

1. Why were the ‘booming twenties’ so called?

The Booming Twenties saw billions of dollars loaned by the USA to help European countries recover from the effects of the war

1. When Germany was finally accepted into the League of Nations?

By 1926, Germany’s economy was stronger and had been accepted into the League of Nations

1. What is Wall Street? Why did it become so important in 1929?

Wall Street is the trade center for the USA (and the world)

People selling shares=>prices dropped=>business collapsed and people ruined=>banks couldn’t keep value of shares artificially because no money=>banks failed=>government should not interfere

1. Give three reasons why the Depression began

The World economy was producing too much

The boom encouraged borrowing

Europe couldn’t afford US goods

1. Why could most Americans not buy the goods which were produced?

US farmers now couldn’t afford to buy because they couldn’t sell their own produce. People in the US either had most consumer goods already or couldn’t afford them anyway. US companies had no-one to sell their products to –and started to lose money

1. Which American political party did little to help when the Depression began?

The Republican government generally didn’t believe the State should interfere in the free market economy to help private businesses, and didn’t believe the State should interfere in the welfare concerns of the poor and unemployed –they should learn to help themselves

1. Write a paragraph about the effects of the Depression on Britain and Germany

Britain: Forced to devalue the £, introduced protection, 3 million unemployed, general strikes

Germany: Banks failing, exports suffering, unemployment raising, 6 million unemployed, democracy threatened

1. Give two examples to show that not everybody suffered in the same way

Rich and poor people…

New industries like cars weren’t so badly affected because they used electricity or oil for manufacture rather than coal, which suffered badly

The breakdown of international order 1929-1939

The Depression Continues

               The key political effects of the Depression

               The effects of Depression on the major powers

The rise of the dictators

               Factors in the rise of the dictators

Japanese expansion

               Japan was seen as a threat by the USA

               Japanese aggression led to the Manchurian Crisis

               The League of Nations failed to stop Japan

               The League was weakened

Italy under Mussolini

               Complete control of Italy

               Mussolini’s government achieved some good

Mussolini was ruthless and cowardly at times

Mussolini invaded Abyssinia in 1935

                Civil War in Spain

                               Spain had always been a divided country

                               The political situation changed in 1930

                               The army soon grew tired of the Republic

                               The civil war set Republicans against Nationalists

                The failure of the League of Nations

                               The League didn’t achieve its original aims

                               Opinions in defense of the League of Nations

                               Opinions against the League of Nations

                The causes of the Second World War (1)

                               The atmosphere in Europe was tense

                               In March 1936 Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland

                The causes of the Second World War (2)

                               Hitler then turned his attention to Austria

                               Hitler pressurized Czechoslovakia in 1938

The causes of the Second World War (3)

                Britain and France protested in Germany

                The Munich Agreement was an example of appeasement

The causes of the Second World War (4)

                In March 1939 Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia

                The USSR made a pact with Hitler

                The road to the Second World War

Warm-up questions

1.       Name five countries that had dictatorships between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War

Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Hungary, Soviet Union, Japan, Greece

2.       Why did the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 make the League of Nations look weak?

The League of Nations sent Lord Lytton to assess the situation, producing a report which said the Japanese had been wrong, but the League didn’t do anything else to end the crisis

3.       Give three methods used by Mussolini to get rid of political opponents in Italy

Mussolini had used terror to win power

Some sources said in 1924 that he had murdered Matteotti, a leading opposition politician

He used a harsh secret police called the OVRA against his opponents

4.       Why was the Munich Agreement in 1938 so popular in Britain?

No one in Britain wanted a war (Treaty of Versailles had been unfair to Germany)

Many British politicians feared Communism and the USSR much more than Hitler

Britain was also economically weak and its armed forces weren’t very strong

5.       In what ways was Germany involved in the Spanish Civil War in 1937?

Italy and Germany joined in on the side of the Right-Wing Nationalists, and 1600 people were killed at the town of Gernika by a German warplane attack

6.       Briefly explain the reasons for the Nazi-Soviet pact in 1939

They agreed not to attack each other, and also planned to carve up another country: Poland

Revision Summary (5) The breakdown of the international order 1929-39

1.       Name two dictators who came to power in the wake of the Depression

Hitler, Mussolini

2.       What was the name of the German Government at the time of the Depression

Republic of Weimar

3.       Name the Fascist group which was growing in popularity in Britain from 1931 on

Oswald Mosley’s ‘Blackshirt’ fascist party

4.       Give two political reasons why the Depression affected Europe

People criticized governments especially in democracies with regular elections. Political problems meant countries turned to dictators

5.       List as many reasons as you can why Dictators came to power in the 1930’s

Locarno had only settled the Western Borders of Germany: it wanted to expand on the East

Depression affected most countries

Democracy was blamed for the bad conditions

Communism seen as a threat to all Europe

Isolationism continued

France was suspicious of Germany

Disarmament failed

6.       Why was Japan seen as such a threat by the USA in the 1930’s?

USA was worried about Japanese competition, and tried to limit its power and reduce the size of its navy

7.       Why was Manchuria so important to the Japanese? What effects did the invasion have?

The League of Nations sent Lord Lytton to assess the situation, producing a report which said the Japanese had been wrong, but the League didn’t do anything else to end the crisis.

Japan signed a treaty with Germany in 1936 and in 1937 started to invade China –again the League did nothing to stop it

8.       Name the man who wrote a report on the Manchurian invasion. Why was the League of Nations unwilling to stop Japan?

Lord Lytton

Japan made them look for ways to get stronger –by expanding (Manchuria) and attacking other countries (China). The League’s failure to deal with Japan, encouraged others to try the same

9.       What did Japan go on to do in 1936 and 1937?

Japan signed a treaty with Germany in 1936 and in 1937 started to invade China –again the League did nothing to stop it

10.   Write a few notes to explain the Fascist Grand Council and the Council of Deputies in Italy

Mussolini used a Fascist Grand Council, whose members were appointed by him

There was a Council of Deputies who did what the Grand Council told it

11.   List five good points and five bad points about Mussolini’s rule

Good:

               The wheat harvest doubled

               He reclaimed the large area of Pontine Marshes, and drained it to build houses

               Road-building programme which connected many parts of the country

               Railways electrified, new schools and hospitals were built

               The signed of Lateran Treaty 1929, creating the Vatican City, an independent state

Bad:

               He used terror to win power, been ready to run away if the March on Rome had failed

Some sources said in 1924 that he had murdered Matteotti, a leading opposition politician

He used a harsh secret police called the OVRA against his opponents

He wanted Italy’s population to be bigger

Persecution of Jews under Hitler’s influence   

12.   Why did Mussolini invade Abyssinia in 1935? Who signed the Anti-Comintern Pact?

Abyssinia was well-positioned for Italy to add to her lands in Africa

Italy joined Japan and Germany in the Anti-Comintern Pact

13.   Name the two provinces (regions) in Spain that wanted independence. What was the name given to the Spanish fascists? Who led the Nationalists?

Catalonia and the Basque area

Falange

Franco

14.   Which countries helped the Nationalists? Who sent help to the Republicans?

Italy and Germany

The Soviet Union sent some help, and an International Brigade developed, where volunteers from all over the world went to Spain to help the Popular Front

15.   Give seven reasons why the League of Nations could be said to have failed during the 1930’s

1.       The Manchurian crisis: weakness with Japan

2.       Too many members didn’t keep to the rules

3.       Br and Fr didn’t lead strongly

4.       Many members didn’t want to risk a war

5.       Ambitious members like Hitler and Mussolini

6.       USA didn’t even join

7.       Instead of co-operation, the League allowed the old system of Alliances

16.   Give four arguments in defense of the League

Br and Fr: you can’t enforce sanctions if nobody else wants to do it

The Depression was worldwide: it was nobody’s fault

No organization could have stopped leaders like Mussolini or Hitler peacefully

The League had to defend Versailles thought was unfair

17.   What were the main aims of Adolf Hitler in 1933?

He wanted to reverse the results of the Versailles Treaty, and bring all the former German peoples back under his control

18.   Where did Germany send troops in 1936? Give three reasons why nobody stopped them

Into the Rhineland

The League of Nations was busy with the Italian invasion of Abyssinia

Britain protested but refused to act

France was in the middle of an election campaign

19.   What was the name given to the joining of Germany and Austria? How did Hitler achieve it?

Anschluss

He proposed an Austrian Nazi called Seyss-Inquart as Minister of the Interior, but Schuschnigg (Austrian Chancellor) refused. Hitler demanded Schuschnigg’s resignation or Germany would invade. Schuschnigg couldn’t take the risk (he resigned, except for Seyss-Inquart). Seyss-Inquart invited the German army into Austria to “restore order”, so Hitler entered Vienna to proclaim the Greater German Reich: Austria and Germany were united

20.   Name the area of Czechoslovakia that Hitler wanted in 1938

Sudetenland

21.   What was appeasement? Give three reasons why it was a popular policy at the time

Giving aggressive countries like Germany or Italy what they wanted in order to avoid a major war

1.       No one in Br wanted a war, so Hitler should be allowed to redress the balance

2.       Many British politicians feared Communism and the USSR much more than Hitler

3.       Britain was also economically weak and its armed forces weren’t very strong

22.   At which Conference did Chamberlain agree to allow Hitler to take the whole of the Sudetenland? What did Hitler do in March 1939?

Munich Agreement

Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia (non-German lands)

23.   Why did the Soviet Union make an agreement with Germany in 1939?

The USSR never trusted the French, and couldn’t understand why nobody stood up to Hitler earlier. After Munich, Stalin decided to negotiate with Germany in order to protect the USSR

24.   What happened after Hitler invaded Poland in September 1939?

This was too much: BR and FR ordered him to leave. He ignored them and BR declared war on GER on 3rd September 1939

25.   List at least six possible long-term and short-term causes of World War II

Nobody stopped Hitler sooner (the weakness of the League, the policy of appeasement, the secret plotting of the USSR)

Tension during the 1920s and 1930s, problems caused by the Versailles Treaty and the League of Nations, and the consequences of the worldwide economic problems during the Depression

Labour and the trade unions 1900-1929

Support for Socialism in 1900

                Socialist ideas were more popular than ever

                More working-class men had the vote

                Working-class men wanted a party that supported their views

The Labour Party

                Labour didn’t get into government until 1924

Build-up to the General Strike 1919-1926

                Unions were in a strong position after World War One

                Trouble in the coal industry led to the General Strike

The General Strike 1926

                The Samuel Report was fair but nobody liked it

                The General Strike began when the subsidy ended

                The strikers couldn’t close the country down

Effects of the General Strike

                The General Strike didn’t last long

                The Strike’s failure was a blow to the unions

Warm-up questions

1. Name 4 socialist groups set up in the nineteenth century

The Social Democratic Federation, the Fabian Society, the Scottish Labour Party, the Trade Unions

1. What 5 things did the Independent Labour Party want to achieve?

1.       An eight-hour working day

2.       Sickness benefits

3.       Unemployment  benefits

4.       Widow’s pensions

5.       Help for the infirm

1. Give 4 events that led to the General Strike in 1926

1 The coal industry was nationalized (in 1921 it returned to private ownership), 2 people were beginning to use gas, oil and electricity, 3 the new private owners announced a cut in wages, 4 in 1925 coal sales dropped off again: mine owners announced more wage cuts and longer working days

1. What was the job of the Samuel Commission?

It looked into what could be done to sort out the dispute

1. Give 3 possible reasons why the General Strike did not last very long

1.       The Government’s reaction was so strong that here was a danger of violence if the Strike continued

2.       The TUC (Trades Union Congress) wasn’t keen on the idea of a strike, and weren’t well enough organized

3.       The Labour Party didn’t support the Strike

1. What were the effects of the General Strike on the Trades Unions and the Labour Party?

The Labour Party had a drop in income

The Strike cost the TUC about £4 million (the unions had less and less income)

The unions lost confidence

But many workers began to realize that the Labour Party was their best hope of changing the system

The depression in Britain

The Depression

                The Wall Street Crash in 1929 started the Depression

                               The First World War had drained Britain’s resources

                               Britain’s staple industries were outdated

Two Britains

                Scotland, Wales and the North of England suffered worst

                The Midlands and South East of England still did OK

Government measures

                The dole was the main help for unemployed families

                The Import Duties Act of 1932 helped British industry

                The Depression began to lift in the mid-30s

The Reaction to Poverty

                Writers described the problems poor people faced

                There were some protests-without success

                The Depression changed attitudes to poverty

Warm-up questions

1. Give three ways in which World War I had drained Britain’s resources

The number of soldiers coming back from the war meant unemployment rose

The coal mines, railways had been so busy that there was no time for repairs

Very few houses were built during the First World War

1. Give two ways in which Britain’s staple industries had become outdated

The cotton mills were outdated, so it was hard to compete with manufacturers abroad

Man-made fibres (rayon) were invented which competed with cotton

Ships now ran on fuel oil, not coal

1. Give two reasons why the effects of the Depression were worst in some parts of Britain than in others

Traditional industries like cotton production, steel production, shipbuilding an coalmining were based in Scotland, Northern England, South Wales and Northern Ireland. Unemployment and poverty were worst here as these industries were going downhill

1. What was the Means Test and why was it unpopular?

His family had to show it needed the extra money from the dole: this is called Means Test, to make sure taxpayers’ money wasn’t wasted

1. Explain two reactions to the poverty caused by the Depression

People who’d lived through the 1930s didn’t want to see anything like it in Britain ever again

After the Second World War there was a complete rethink about what help the Government should give people

Revision Summary (6) Labour, Trade Unions, Depression in Britain

1. What does ‘nationalization’ mean?

Socialism says that big business should be owned by the Government. The fancy term for this is ‘nationalization’

1. Which socialist group founded in 1884 supported change through violent revolution?

The SDF (Social Democratic Federation) thought violent revolution was the only way to achieve change

1. Who did the 1872 Reform Act give the vote to?

The 1872 Reform Act gave all male householders the vote

1. In 1900, did the Liberals and Conservatives mainly represent the views of:

The upper and middle classes

1. Who set up the Scottish Labour Party?

The Scottish Labour Party was formed by James Keir Hardie

1. What five things did the Independent Labour Party want to achieve?

a.       An eight-hour working day

b.      Sickness benefits

c.       Unemployment  benefits

d.      Widow’s pensions

e.      Help for the infirm

1. In which year did MPs first get a salary? How much was it?

1911 For the first time MPs (member Parliament) got a salary (£400 a year)

1. What’s the name of the first Labour Party Prime Minister?

Ramsay MacDonald became the first Labour Prime Minister

1. How many people belonged to trade unions in 1920?

Total union membership in 1920 was 8 million

1. Name the two big new unions set up in 1920 and 1921

Two new unions were founded: the Amalgamated Engineering Union in 1920, and the Transport and General Workers’ Union in 1921

1. What did the Royal Commission say the Government should do with the coal mines in 1919?

In 1919 a Royal Commission was appointed to decide whether or not to return the mines to private ownership. The Commission recommended that the Government should keep the coal mines

1. Why did British mines have trouble selling their coal during the 1920s? Give 3 reasons

People were beginning to use gas, oil and electricity more than coal

Mines in Germany and Poland were using efficient modern machinery which produced more coal more quickly and more cheaply

Customers couldn’t afford British coal, and the mines became less and less profitable

1. What did the miners like about the Samuel Commission report?

Miners would have to take a temporary pay cut until the owners had had time to reorganize the mines. The miners weren’t at all pleased with this: they’d strike on 1 May

1. What didn’t the miners like about the Samuel Commission report?

Miners would have to take a temporary pay cut until the owners had had time to reorganize the mines. The miners weren’t at all pleased with this: they’d strike on 1 May

1. Where was Stanley Baldwin when the TUC went to 10 Downing Street on 3 May?

In the early hours of 3 may the TUC (Trades Union Congress) went to Downing Street to talk again, but Baldwin had gone to bed

1. What kind of people joined the Organization for the Maintenance of Supplies?

They were mainly students and middle-class men

1. Give three possible reasons why the General Strike didn’t last very long

1.       The Government’s reaction was so strong that here was a danger of violence if the Strike continued

2.       The TUC (Trades Union Congress) wasn’t keen on the idea of a strike, and weren’t well enough organized

3.       The Labour Party didn’t support the Strike

1. Did the miners get better wages after the General Strike?

The miners stayed out on strike for another six months. When they finally gave in and went back to work they had to accept lower wages and longer hours. The strike hadn’t really improved anything

1. What sort of strikes was made illegal in the Trades Disputes Act of 1927?

The Act made it illegal for a union to join a general strike or a sympathy strike (one where you go on strike to support workers from a different union)

1. What effect did the General Strike have on many workers that may have led to Labour Winning the 1929 General Election?

Many workers began to realize that the Labour Party was their best hope of changing the system and in 1929 Labour won the General Election

1. What happens in an economic depression?

Business just isn’t working properly. Profits are down for almost everyone, and there’s unemployment and bankruptcy left, right and centre

1. Give three examples of how the First World War had drained Britain’s resources

a.       The number of soldiers coming back from the war meant unemployment rose

b.      The coal mines, railways had been so busy that there was no time for repairs

c.       Very few houses were built during the First World War

1. Give two examples of how Britain’s traditional industries had become outdated

The cotton mills were outdated, so it was hard to compete with manufacturers abroad

Man-made fibres (rayon) were invented which competed with cotton

Ships now ran on fuel oil, not coal

1. In which areas of Britain were the effects of the Depression worst?

Traditional industries like cotton production, steel production, shipbuilding and coalmining were based in Scotland, Northern England, South Wales and Northern Ireland. Unemployment and poverty were worst here as these industries were going downhill

1. Give two reasons why some areas of Britain came out of depression into prosperity

New industries created new jobs (chemicals, cars, airplanes)

Taxes were low: people took most of their money home, and could afford these new leisure activities

1. What two things did an unemployed man have to do in 1929 to claim for the dole?

He had to prove that he was actively looking for work

His family had to show it needed the extra money from the dole: Means Test

1. Why was the Means Test unpopular?

If the family had any savings or extra cash the amount of dole money was reduced or even refused completely: unpopular

1. What did the Unemployment Assistance board take over organizing in 1936?

The Unemployment Assistance Board took over organizing the dole and Means Tests, labour exchanges (job centres) and training schemes to help people learn skills which would get them jobs in different parts of the country

1. Name two effects of the Import Duties Act of 1932

This made goods coming from abroad more expensive than British goods and increased sales of British products

This 10% tax also gave the Government a valuable new income

1. What did property developers and local councils do to take advantage of low bank interest rates?

They took advantage of this to build new houses and roads, so there were increasing numbers of jobs in construction

1. What effect did the Government’s building up of arms after 1936 have on unemployment?

This created jobs in the arms factories. When the war actually came there was even more work to be done

1. Name one writer who wrote about the poverty in Britain during the 1930s

JB Priestley

George Orwell

1. What was the Jarrow Crusade? Did it have any effect on the Government?

Jarrow was a shipbuilding town on Tyneside, which suffered terribly from unemployment and poverty in the 30s. In October 1936 200 unemployed shipyard workers walked 300 miles to London to protest about the shipyard being closed. This is the Jarrow Crusade

1. Who were the BUF?

The British Union of Fascists led by Oswald Mosley

1. Describe one long-term effect of the Depression

One long-term effect of the Depression was a big change in attitudes to poverty: for example, people turned to revolution or parties with extreme political views to solve their problems (the Nazi Party in Germany)