Ancient Rome was located in the boot shaped country of Italy, which is on the continent of Europe. The country forms a peninsula (it has water on three sides). With the water nearby, the location was very good for trade and travel. The climate was called a Mediterranean climate but rarely does any sixth grader know what that means. It means Rome had hot, dry summers and cool winters. It was considered seasonal but nice - it did not get very cold in the winter.
Rome began as a tiny village along the Tiber River which provided them with fresh water. Unfortunately, two large mountain ranges cut through the land. The Alps cut off Italy from the rest of Europe. The Apennine divide Italy all the way down the "boot." Even though these mountains were a pain to travel through, they were still an advantage to the ancient Romans. It made it much easier to defend the civilization. The mountains also made it easier to move water for the Roman aqueducts.
Despite the mountains, the Romans were still able to farm along the Latium (Lay-shum) Plain. It was an area of very fertile soil near the Tiber River. Fertile soil is good for farming. You can see this area on your map shaded in green. They grew crops like grapes, onions, cabbage, and wheat. Grapes were especially important because wine was very popular in ancient times.
In conclusion, there were many advantages to the geography of Rome. The soil was fertile for farming. The peninsula shape made it a good location for travel and trade with the sea/ocean on three sides. The mountains made it easy to defend from attack. And, finally being close to the Tiber River provided fresh water.