In “Sharing One Skin” by Jeanette Armstrong she talked about the “4 Selves of the Okanagan People”. In this she talked about your “Physical Self” The quote that stuck with me was “We survive by the continuous interaction between our bodies and everything around us' ' . “ Emotional Self” was another topic that she brought up that we are emotionally connected to our surroundings and things that are bigger than us. Without our surroundings, we cannot be connected to our emotional selves. “Thinking-Intellectual Self” in my eyes is being selfless and being helpful because “ We are a microscopic part of that existence”. “Spiritual Self” is what you are and what you believe in.

Citation:

Armstrong, Jeanette,1996 “Sharing One Skin” The Okanagan Community. Pp 460-470 in Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith.

In the article “How Place Names Impact the way we see landscape” By B. Toastie the stories come from the significance of the place and what it stands for. It could be a religious place that only people in certain things can go to and share the culture.

Citation:

Toastie, B “How place Names Impact the Way we see Landscape.” HighCountry News, 1 May, 2002, pp1-8

In the Article, “And Then I went to School” by Joe Suina is an Article About the loss of language in School. In the beginning of the Article he talks about “ A sense of closeness” about his and his grandma's relationship. Then he goes to school, in school he is shocked at the totally new environment that he is in and is not allowed to speak his own language. He is getting punished for using his own language. He gets used to the “ Artificial Classroom” he was in. When he went home he was used to the walls being straight and clean hair and teeth. He used to love the cozy feeling of his grandma's house but now he wishes for a bed, a nice couch, and a clock. When he got home he said “ at first, home did not feel right anymore. It was much too small and stuffy.” he didn't feel right anymore. He lost his way because of boarding school.

Citation: 

Suina, Joe,” And Then I Went to School”

New Mexico Journal of Reading, Winter! 985, Vol, V, No 2

In “Wildfire Archeology in the Jemez Mountains” by the National Park Service is about the effects on the land and the cultural Resources. In the last 40 years, some studies have focused on the effects on cultural Resources, But some somethings happened in the last 20 years that have affected cultural land. First is the  “Dome Fire - 1996” In this fire they treated more of a learning phase, to see how it affected the land and watersheds and also burning 16, 000 acres of land. “Cerro Grande Fire - 2000” was a prescribed burn near the summit of Bandelier National Monument. Strong winds made Sante Fe National Forest land declared for a wildfire and burned 43, 000 acres of land. In the “Las Conchas Fire - 2011” nearly 156, 000 acres were burned the documented fire in the Jemez Mountains, The fire burned the Ancestral Peoples site and had been burned. Masonry stone and pottery were unidentifiable, these are the effects on native communities and Ancestral land.

Citation: National Park Service.” Wildfire and Archeology in the Jemez Mountains”.https:// www.nps.gov/articles/000/wildfire-and-archeology-in-the-jemez-mountains.htm

In “ Indigenous fire management and cross-scale fire-climate relation in the Southwest United States from 1500 to 1900 CE” by Scientists on ancestral fire management. The scientist looked at the Navajo, Apache, and Jemez tribes. These scientists used tree ring studies, when a fire happened I would burn off the bark, and then after the burn the tree would with new tissue growth, and in the tree ring would see the scars of past fires. The Navajos people keep that land clear by Pastoralism(raising domestic animals and grazing). The Jemez and Apache went to a form of more modern fire management practices. These were found in a study done with the tree's rings. This is how the indigenous protected the land using grazing and clearing the land for hunting and gardening.

Citation: ScienceAdvances.” Indigenous fire management and cross-scale fire-climate relationships in the Southwest United States from 1500 to 1900 CE”.https://www.science.org/doi/10 .1126/scia dv.ab q3221

In “Eary Wildfires in New Mexico” Catlin Dempsey tells about the number of fires that we have had this year being double that of last year. This is because warmer climate conditions along with high winds, low humidity, and abnormally dry tinder have sparked fires. New Mexico has had 214 fires and a total of 243, 400 acres have been burned this year, but compared to the 823 total fires that have happened total of 131, 484 acres last year. With “Hermist Peak” a prescribed burn that grew out of control because of a windy day, the Calf Canyon fire and Hermit's Peak fire combined and created one of New Mexico's largest wildfires on record.

Citation: Dempsey, Catlin. “EARLY WILDFIRES IN NEW MEXICO”.https://www.geographyrealm.co m/ea rly-wildfires-in-new-mexico/#:~:text=The%20Calf%20Canyon%20and%20Hermits ,Peak %20fire%20started%20April%206.

In “Fighting Wildfires” By the American Experience in this article it tells us that wildfires destroyed nearly 141 million acres of land in the United States. With those millions of acres lost the “Big Burn - 1910” With that title came 3 million acres burned in the northern Rockies and more than 78 people died. After the Big Burn was put out a new policy took place that fires must be contained and controlled by 10 o'clock in the morning after their report. “Humans” are the main cause of wildfires humans cause 90% of all wildfires in the United States and only 10% are caused naturally by lightning. 

Citation: American Experience.” Fighting Wildfires”.https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americane xperience/featu res/burn-fighting-wildfires/

In “Full Cost of New Mexico's Wildfires” by the New Mexico legislature is about the cost of wildfires. These fires can cost more or less by the location of the fire. Wildfires occurring near populated areas have evacuation costs and in more remote areas the cost is the on wildlife and habitats. Some of the more direct costs are measured by immediate and direct impacts like private land(Insured and uninsured), damage to supplies, homes, soil, timber, wildlife, and watersheds. The indirect cost is land management agencies can extend beyond the wildfire event, also to include tax and property loss. The Indirect and additional costs are loss of civilian life and firefighter lives.

Citation: New Mexico Legislature.” The Full Cost of New Mexico Wildfires”.no URL

In “The Age of Consequences: Wildfires in New Mexico” by Lindsay Fendt, She gives us a perspective of what is to come in the Future. That greenhouse gas emissions is about 70 percent more than the national average. When fire season is mostly limited to the warmer and drier summer months, also lasts into the later fall months. With the wildfires comes the destruction of buildings and homes. The record windfall comes with increasingly server wildfires, mass tree die-offs, and more than 1000 structures, including hundreds of homes this year. This is a very important this that we must handle. We scientists looking at our future and saying that things are only going to get worse. Scientists expect large swaths(forests) to die in the next several decades. 

Citation: Fendt, Lindsay.”The age of consequence: Wildfires in New Mexico”. https://searchlightnm.org /the-age-of-consequence-wildfires-in-new-mexico/HighCountry News, 1 May, 2002, pp1-8

In this article, it talks about how indigenous communities in South America are affected by wildfires. A published journal identified regions in Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil as hot spots for smoke exposure and also have high mortality rates. Indigenous people in the Amazon, basin are twice as likely to die prematurely from smoke exposure due to wildfires. South America accounted for approximately 12,000 deaths and 230 were on indigenous territories. Researchers focused on the health impacts of the indigenous territories. Even though indigenous territories had a few fires the main impacts were the smoke particles and lack of hygiene. And clean water compared to the general population. South America has surged, driven by forest degradation(weaker) due to human activity such as mining, logging, agriculture, and as well as climate conditions. 

Citation: "Indigenous People in South America are Twice as likely to die from wildfires that broader Population", Boston Univerity, 14 June 2023, https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2023/indigeous-people-in-south-America-are-twice-as-likely-to-die-from-wildfires/ 

In this article, we learned about how companies are cutting down forests and starting fires because of the government anti- anti-environment policies that impact the indigenous communities. In the Brazilian Amazon, the states of Amazonas, Acre, and Rondonia - collectively known as the AMACRO region - have suffered sizable fires and deforestation in recent years. Many that start fires are illegal land grabbers emboldened by the anti-environment policies of Botsonaro’s government. Not only the communities but the whole globe because the rainforest is considered the lungs of the planet. The health impacts of the toxic smoke from the Amazon fires on the local population are tragic aspects of forest destruction and they also face grave impacts on their health due to smoke inhalation. Not only that the Amazon also stores large amounts of carbon which gets released by the burning or cutting of the tree which also contributes to global warming. 

Citation: "Amazon rainforest fires 2022: Facts, Causes, and Climate impacts."Greenpeace, 5 September 2022, greenplace.org  

In this short 1:30 video, it shows us the impacts of wildfires on communities. These wildfires have caused Canada to evacuate over 20,000 residents. Forests have been burning across Canada as the country faces on its worst wildfire seasons.  These fires have been spreading to the capital of Canada as well as the Northwest Territories, these wilder were caused by abnormally dry conditions, causing wildfires to spread more easily. Smoke filled the city of Kelowna in British Columbia and people have been rushing to leave the city of Yellowknife as huge fires approach the capital of Canada as well as Northwest Territories and Alberta.

Citation: "Wildfires rage in Canada as thousands of people evacuate cities". Youtube, Garidian News. 18 August 2023, Youtube.com/watch?v=cPEdsaLWTC