Fourth Quarter Notes
U5.3.1
Describe the different positions concerning the reconstruction of Southern society and the nation, including the positions of President Abraham Lincoln, President Andrew Johnson, Republicans, and African Americans.
1. President Lincoln position on Reconstruction (553pg)
a. Wanted to reunite the nation as quickly and painlessly as possible
b. Proposed plan for readmitting the southern states
c. Offer amnesty
i. Amnesty (553pg) – An official pardon for all illegal acts supporting the rebellion
d. Southerners who pledged an oath of loyalty to the United States and accepted a ban on slavery would receive
amnesty.
e. Any southern states with at least 10 percent of its voters making the pledge could establish a new state govt. and be
readmitted to the Union.
2. President Andrew Johnson position on Reconstruction (557pg))
a. Gave amnesty to all southerners who pledged an oath of loyalty and who promised to support the abolition
of slavery.
b. Returned all property except slaves to southerners who received amnesty
c. Wealthy southerners and former Confederate officials could not receive amnesty without a presidential
pardon
d. Johnson shocked Republicans by pardoning almost 7,000 people.
3. Wade – Davis Bill (553-554pgs.)
a. Some politicians believed that Congress had the Constitutional authority to admit new states.
i. A state had to meet two conditions before it could rejoin the Union.
1. It had to ban slavery.
2. A majority of adult males in the state had to take the loyalty oath.
a. Only southerns who swore that they had never supported the Confederacy would be
allowed to vote or to hold office
b. Lincoln refused it sign the Bill
i. Few southerns could fulfill requirements
4. Moderate Republicans (560pg)
a. Wanted the South to have loyal state government but also believed that African Americans should receive their rights as citizens
b. Hoped that the South would not have to be forced to follow the laws passed by the U.S. govt.
5. Radical Republicans (559pg)
a. Considered the Black Codes to be undemocratic and cruel
i. Black Codes (558pg) – Laws that greatly limited the freedom of African Americans
b. Wanted the federal govt. to be much more involved in Reconstruction.
c. Feared many southern leaders remained loyal to the former Confederacy
U5.3.2
Describe the early responses to the end of the Civil War by describing the
1. Policies of the Freedmen’s Bureau (556pg)
a. To provide relief for poor people – black and white – in the south.
i. 900 agents served the entire south
ii. Distribute food to the poor and to provide education and legal help for freepeople.
iii. Assisted African American war veterans.
iv. Played important role in establishing more schools in the South
2. Segregation (568pg) – The forced separation of whites and African Americans in public places
a. Jim Crow Laws (568pg)
i. Laws that enforced segregation began appearing in southern States in 1881
1. African Americans had to stay in different hotels
2. Sit in separate theater sections
3. Ride in separate rail cars
8-U6.1.1 The treatment of African Americans, including the rise of segregation in the South as endorsed by the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, and the response of African Americans.
3. Plessy v. Ferguson (569pg)
a. 1896, U.S. Supreme Court case that established the separate but equal doctrine for public facilities.
4. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) (179pg)
a. 1954, Supreme Court ruling that declared that segregated public schools were illegal; overturned the separate – but – equal doctrine established in 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson.
5. Black Codes (558pg)
a. Laws passed in the southern states during Reconstruction that greatly limited the freedom and rights of African Americans.
U5.3.3
Describe the new role of African Americans in local, state, and federal govt. in the years after the Civil War and resistance of Southern whites to this change, including the Ku Klux Klan.
1. Held local offices in counties throughout the South (565pg)
a. Helped enforce civil rights laws
2. During Reconstruction voters elected more than 600 African American representatives to state legislatures and 16 to Congress.
a. Hiram Revels (565pg) – First African American elected to the U.S. Senate
i. Seat held by Jefferson Davis
3. Ku Klux Klan (566pg)
a. Secret a society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans
from obtaining their civil rights, particularly suffrage and used violence and terror to frighten and discourage them.
i. Klan members wore robes and hoods to hide their identities as they attacked and
murdered African Americans
ii. Usually attacked at night.
U5.3.4
Analyze the intent and the effect of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution
1. Thirteenth Amendment (554pg)
a. 1865, Constitutional amendment that outlawed slavery
2. Fourteenth Amendment (561pg)
a. 1866, Constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or nationalized in the United
States, except American Indians and equal protection under the law.
b. Also banned many former Confederate officials from holding state or federal offices
c. Made state laws subject to federal court review
d. Gave Congress the power to pass any laws needed to enforce any part of the amendment
e. Pres. Johnson and more Democratics opposed 14th amendment
3. Fifteenth Amendment (563pg)
a. 1870, Constitutional amendment that gave African American men the right to vote
1. Poll Tax (568pg)
i. Required individuals to pay a special tax before they could vote
ii. Stopped not only African American men but also some white men from voting
2. Grandfather Clause
i. Men whose fathers or grandfathers could vote before 1867. How many African American men
voted before the 15th Amendment passed in 1869?
3. Literacy Test
i. The test were written at high school reading levels. So, most African Americans could not read the
test.
4. Almost every white man could escape the voting restrictions
U5.3.5
Explain the decision to remove Union troops in 1877 and describe its impact on Americans
1. Compromise of 1877 (632)
a. Agreement to settle the disputed presidential election of 1876; Democrats agreed to accept Republican
Rutherford B. Hayes as president in return for the removal of federal troops from the South.
b. Asked for funding for internal improvements in the South and the appointment of a Southern Democrat to the
president’s cabinet.
8-U6.1.1
Compare and contrast the United States in 1800 with the United States in 1898 focusing on similarities and differences in
Territory, including the size of the United States and land use.
a. The land of the United States tripled: (1803) Louisiana Purchase, (1845)Annexation of Texas,
(1846) Oregon Territory, (1848) Mexican Cession, (1853) Gadsden Purchase.
Systems of transportation (canals and railroads, including the transcontinental Railroad (590pg)), and their impact on the economy and society.
Population, including immigation, reaction to immigrants, and the changing demograpic structure of rural and urban America.
a. The central, and western United States was opened to immigrants from many areas of Europe (636pg) with the new systems of transportation.
i. Old Immigrants (636pg) - Immigrants from northern Europe.
ii New Immigrants (636pg) - Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.
b. With immigrants moving into the central and western United States, economically new places or areas of the
United States opened for goods and services.
i. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) (641pg) - a law passed by Congress that banned Chinese from immigrating to the United States for 10 years.
c. The United States went from an agricultural society to an more of an industrial society.
government policies promoting economic development (e.g., tariffs, banking, land grants, and mineral rights, the Homestead Act)
1. Land Grants
Homestead Act (600pg)
a. Gave govt. owned land to farmers. Any adult who was a U.S. citizen or planned to become one could
received 160 acres of land. In exchange, homesteaders promised to live on the land for five years.
Why the United States wanted to raise revenue through property taxes?
2. Morrill Act (600pg)
a. Granted more than 17 million acres of federal land to the states. The Act required each state to sell this land
and use the money to build colleges to teach agriculture (Michigan State University) and engineering.
Economic change, including industrialization, increased global competition, and their impact on conditions of farmers and industrial workers.
Henry Bessemer (615pg)
Bessemer Process (615pg)
A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities,
helped increase steel production
Andrew Carnegie (620pg)
Born in Scotland and came to the United States and focused his efforts on steelmaking
Vertical Integration (620pg)
Ownership of business involved in each step od a manufacture process.
John D. Rockefeller (620pg)
Owner of Standard Oil Company
Standard Oil Company (620pg)
The United States largest Oil refiner
Horizontal Integration (621pg)
Owning all businesses in a certain field
Trust (621pg)
A legal arrangement grouping together a number of companies under a single board of directors.
Leland Stanford (621pg)
Made a fortune selling equipment to miners
Monopoly (622pg)
Total ownership of a product or service
Sherman Antitrust Act (622pg)
A law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained trade
Haymarket Riot (626pg)
A riot that broke out at Haymarket Square in Chicago over the deaths of two strikers
Homestead Strike (627pg)
(1892) A labor - union strike at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel factory in PA that erupted in violence between
strikers and private detectives
Pullman Strike (627pg)
(1894) A railroad strike that ended when Pres. Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops.
The policies toward American Indian, including removal, reservations, the Dawes Act of 1887, and the response of American Indians.
1. Treaty of Fort Laramie (594pg)
(1851) a treaty signed in Wyoming by the United States and northern Plains nation.
2. Reservations (595pg)
Federal Lands set saide for American Indians.
3. Treaty of Medicine Lodge (595pg)
(1867) an agreement between the U.S. government and southern Plains Indians in which the Indians agreed to move onto
reservations
4. George Armstrong Custer (596pg)
Union Lieutenant Colonel led his troops in "Custer's Last Stand" in the Battle of the Little Bighorn
5. Sitting Bull (596pg)
A leader of the Lakota Sioux, protested U.S. demands for the land.
6. Battle of the Little Bighorn (596pg)
Sioux forces led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull surrounded and defeated Custer and his troops
7. Massacre at Wounded Knee (597pg)
The last major incident on the Great Plains
8. Longwalk (597pg)
(1864) a 300 - mile march made by Navajo captives to a reservation in Bosque Redondo, New Mexico, that led to the
deaths of hundred of Navajo.
9. Geronimo (597pg)
A Chirichua Apache of the Southwest continued to battle the U.S. Army and he avoided capture. He was caught Sept
1886
10. Dawes General Allotment Act (598pg)
(1887) legislation passed by Congress that split up Indian reservation lands among individual Indians and promised them
citizenship.
Transcontinental Railroad 590 - 593pgs
Transcontinental Railroad - A railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West
Pacific Railway Acts in 1862 and 1864 - These acts gave railroad companies loans and large grants that could be sold to pay for construction costs. Pres. Lincoln
Central Pacific Railroad
Started in Sacramento, CA to the East
Chinese immigrants - They took on the dangerous tasks, got paid $30.00 a month instead of $3.00 a month in China. Who built the Great Wall?
Sierra Nevada Mts. - Granite
Explosions using blasting powder and explosive nitroglycerin
Snow drifts 60 feet high
Rocky Mts.
Four years to lay the first 115 miles of track.
Union Pacific Railroad
Started in Omaha, NE to the West
Irish immigrants
Great Plains - flat land
Lumber came from Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan - railroad ties
Harsh Weather - hot and cold, with tornadoes, insects
Company pressured workers to lay 250 miles of track in six months
Railroad companies often relied on local resources to feed their workers.
William "Buffalo Bill" Cody shot thousands of buffalo to feed Union Pacific workers.
Golden Spike
Both railroad companies connected at Promontory, Utah, in 1869.
Gov. Stanford "He missed it", the Golden Spike, the Irish, Chinese and Mexicans yelled with delight.
Results of the Transcontinental Railroad
Increased both economic growth and the population in the West. U.S. Govt. revenues increased because of land taxes.
Better Transportation to move people and goods
Encouraged people to move west
Sold land to settlers - Land Grants (Homestead Act, Morill Act)
Raw Materials travel from the West to the East by train ----------->
Western Timber companies, miners, ranchers, and farmers shipped wood, metals, meat, and grain east
<---------Finished Products from eastern businesses traveled from the East to the West by train
Idea that the U.S. economy was interdependent became more widespread.
Speed of travel from Boston to Sacramento went from 6 months by wagon to 6 days by train.
Vacations out West could occur
Safer - Indian were a worry for people in wagons
Improvement in communication - mail and telegraph
Growth of Western business with increase population
Four continental time zones established in 1883
Eastern
Central
Mt.
Pacific
The Homestead Act of 1862
1. What was the purpose of this act?
The Homestead Act of 1862 was made to provide a fair way to offer free land to Western Settlers.
2. What is meant by the term "public domain"?
Pubic domain land was once owned by the government, but is now being owned by individuals. All states except the original 13 colonies, KY, TN, TX, and HI were considered public domain.
3. Who is entitled to secure a grant of land from the federal government? Can women secure such a grant?
Any person who is the head of the family (could be a woman) or is 21 years of age and a U.S. citizen (or is following procedures to become a U.S. citizen), who has never fought against the U.S. government or provided assistance to an enemy of the U.S. government.
4. What is the largest amount of land a person can secure from the Federal government through this act?
160 acres
5. How would one go about applying for land under the act (filing the affidavit)?
One would fill out an application at the Land Office, verifying that he / she qualifies, and intends to use the land for settlement. A payment of $10.00 is required
6. How long would one have to wait in between filing an affidavit and securing final title to the land one settled? What did a settler need to do in the mean time?
Five years. A settler must live on the land and farm it during this time.
7. How much per acre did land under the Homestead Act cost?
Free, except for a $10.00 dollar registration fee (about 6 cents).
8. The Homestead Act was meant to insure that United States citizens who actually wanted to farm land were the recipients of the land. Who else might have wanted to profit from this deal, and how? How is the law trying to prevent various abuses?
The railroad, timber, and mining companies often made fake claims and bribed settlers to obtain ther land. Some land speculators took advantage of a legislative loophole caused when those drafting the law's language failed to specify whether the 12 by 14 dwelling was to be built in feet or inches. Others hired phony claimants or bought abandoned land. The General Land Office was underfunded and unable to hire a sufficient number investigators for its widely scattered local offices. As a result, overworked and underpaid investigators were often susceptible to bribery.