Notes 2nd Quarter 8th Grade Social Studies
8-U4.1.2 – Establishing America’s place in the World – Explain the changes in America’s relationships with other nations by analyzing treating with American Indian nations, Jays Treaty (1795), French Revolution, Pinckey’s Treaty (1795), Louisiana Purchase, War of 1812, Transcontinental Treaty (1819), and the Monroe Doctrine.
Jays Treaty (1794)
An agreement negotiated by John Jay to work out problems between Britain and the United States over the northwestern lands, British seizure of US ships, and debt owed to the British. (245pg) Britain and the world look at the United States as a nation not British colonies.
French Revolution
French rebellion begun in 1789 in which the French people overthrew the monarchy and made their country a republic (243pg). The Federalists and Anti Federalists fought over who to support, Britain or France.
Pinckey’s Treaty (1795)
Agreement between the United States and Spain that changed Florida’s border and made it easier for American ships to use the port of New Orleans (245pg).
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
The purchase of French land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains that doubled the size of the United States (274pg)
1. Doubled size of USA
2. President Jefferson – did not have the Constitutional authority to buy the Louisiana Purchase for 15 million. Congress authorized 10 million.
3. Spain controlled the lower Mississippi after Revolutionary War
4. Secret treaty Spain gave land to France
5. Wanted New Orleans, port city Gulf of Mexico
France (foreign countries) could not interfere with vital US trade along the Mississippi River
6. French – occupied Louisiana could block future westward expansion of the United States
7. 3/8 of produce of the territory must pass to market
War of 1812
1. First time in US History, Congress declared war.
2. Impressment
a. British practice of forcing people, including US citizens, to serve in the British army or navy; led to increased tensions between Great Britain and the United States in the early 1800s. (279pg)
3. Battle of Tippecanoe (282 pg)
a. William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory, (becomes Pres. of USA)
b. Tecumseh left his bother in charge
c. Indians attack
d. Harrison forced Indians to retreat
e. Americans were certain that Britain was responsible for encouraging American Indians to fight the US forces in the West
4. War Hawk
a. Members of Congress who wanted to declare war against Britain after the Battle of
Tippecanoe ( 282pg) Congressmen Henry Clay of KY and John C. Calhoun of SC.
5. Battle of New Orleans
a. (1815) Greatest US victory in the War of 1812; actually took place two weeks after a peace treaty had been signed ending the war. (286pg)
b. Led by Andrew Jackson, (becomes Pres of USA)
c. Most convincing victory of the war for the USA
6. Treaty of Ghent (1814)
a. Treaty signed by the USA United States and Britain ending the war of 1812 (287p)
i. All conquered territory was restored
ii. No solutions to impressment or trade embargoes
7. Transcontinental Treaty or Adams – Onis Treaty (1819)
a. An agreement in which Spain gave up East Florida to the United Stated (299pg)
i. USA gave up claims to present day Texas
ii. USA took responsibility for up to 5 million of US citizen’s claims against
Spain.
8. Monroe Doctrine (1823)
President James Monroe’s statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign nation to colonize would be considered an act of hostility (300pg.)
Austria’s leading statesmen called Monroe’s speech “indecent declaration”
French Foreign Minster
8-U4.2.1 Comparing Northeast and the South – Compare and contrast the social and economic systems of the Northeast and the South with respect to geography and climate and the development of:
1. 8-U4.2.1 Transportation Revolution
A. Roads (Cumberland) 303pg
a. First federal road project, construction of which began in 1815;
i. Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia (present day West Virginia)
Stretched to Columbus, Ohio 1832
ii. Vandalia, Illinois 1850
B. Canals (Erie) 303 pg
1. Ran from Albany to Buffalo, New York; completed in 1825. Connected Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.
a. The population of New York City expanded quickly
2. Building the Erie Canal decreased the amount of money businesses had to pay to ship their goods to market.
3. Increased profit for business. Decreased cost to consumer.
C. Trains
1. Effects on Immigrating from Northeast (Europeans) to Mid West and West
2. Effects on Business
a. Increased profit
b. Decreased cost for consumer
3. Telegraph and Morse Code (402-403pgs.)
a. Instant communication
8-U4.2.1 Industrial Revolution
A. John Deere (404pg)
1. Steel Plow
a. Effects on farmers
b. Effects on farming
i. Increased profit same amount of time
B. Cyrus McCormick (404pg)
1. Mechanical Reaper -
i. Harvested wheat quickly and efficiently
C. Eli Whitney (415pg)
2. Cotton Gin - A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to remove seeds from short - staple cotton; revolutionized the cotton industry (415pg)
a. Effects on Slavery in South
i. Increased
ii. South dependent on slavery for their economy (labor force)
b. Effects on Cotton production (increased the cash crop)
Reforms
8-U4.3.5 Second Great Awakening
A. A period of religious evangelism that began in the 1790s and became widespread in the United States by 1830s (448pg)
1. Charles Grandison Finney (448pg)
a. Challenged Traditional Protestant Beliefs
b. Held prayer meeting
c. Angered some traditional ministers
1. Helped social conditions
2. Church membership went up
8- U4.2.1 Nativists (440pg)
1. Opposed Immigration
2. Suspicious of immigrants
3. Feared losing their jobs
4. Scared of Catholics
5. Started Know –Nothing Party
8-U4.3.4 Temperance Movement (449pg)
1. Encouraged people to stop drinking hard liquor
2. Drink only small amounts of Beer and Wine
3. People wanted to outlaw the sale of Alcohol
4. Banning the sale was major goal
5. Eighthteenth Amendment
8-U4.3.1 Common School Movement (450pg)
1. Children educated in a common place
2. People immigrating from Europe
3. Immigrants need to be productive workers in USA – Read and writing English
8-U4.3.1 Horace Mann (450pg)
1. Leading voice for education reform
2. First Secretary of Education in the state of MA
3. Doubled the size of the budget
4. Substantially increasing teachers’ salaries
5. Extending school year
6. First training school for teachers
8-U4.3.2Movement to End Slavery
A. Abolition (454pg)
1. Complete end to slavery
B. Emancipation
1. Freedom from slavery
C. William Lloyd Garrison (455pg)
1. Published the Liberator
2. One of the most outspoken and controversial leaders in the abolitionist movement
3. Helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society (455pg). Its members wanted immediate
emancipation and racial equality for African Americans.
D. Frederick Douglass (456pg)
1. Escaped slavery at age 20
2. Learned to read and write by the slave owner
3. Impressive public speaking skills
4. Published the North Star
E. Harriet Tubman (456pg)
1. Daring conductor on the Underground Railroad
a. Underground Railroad (456pg)
i. A network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by
providing transportation and hiding places
8 – U4.3.3 Women’s Rights (461pg)
a. Seneca Falls Convention (1848) (464pg)
a. First national women’s rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written
b. Equality with men
c. First Public Meeting held in USA
d. Declaration of Sentiments (464pg)
(1848) a statement written and signed by women's rights supporters at the Seneca Falls
Convention; detailed their beliefs about social injustice against women.
i. Modeled after the Declaration of Independence
b. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (464pg)
c. Susan B. Anthony (465pg)
8- U4.2.3 Westward Expansion
Manifest Destiny - (354pg)
1. A belief shared by many Americans in the mid - 1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean
a. Led to the Mexican War (357pg)
b. Mexican Cession (361pg)
i. Land that Mexico gave to the United States after the Mexican War through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; included present day California, Nevada, and Utah; most of Arizona and New Mexico; and parts of Colorado, Texas, and Wyoming
Wilmot Proviso (476pg)
8- U4.2.3 Cherokee Indians (332pg)
1. Believed that they could prevent conflicts and avoid removal by adopting practices of the White Society
a. Invited missionaries to set up schools to read and write English.
b. Used White man's Court System.
b. Gold found on land.
c. Worchester vs. Georgia (334pg)
i. (1832) the Supreme Court ruling that stated that the Cherokee nation was a distinct
territory over which only the federal government had authority; ignored by both President
Andrew Jackson and the State of Georgia.
8 – U4.2.3 Trail of Tears (334pg)
1. 800 Mile forced march
2. Death almost one quarter of Indians
3. Farmland for White People
4. Whites found gold on the land
Political Expansion of USA and Slavery Issue
8- U4.2.3 Louisiana Purchase (274pg)
1. Doubled size of USA
2. President Jefferson
3. Spain controlled the lower Mississippi after Revolutionary War
4. Wanted New Orleans, port city Gulf of Mexico
5. France (foreign countries) could not interfere with vital US trade along the Mississippi River
8-U4.2.4 Missouri Compromise (305pg)
1. Agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and
Maine to enter as a free state
2. Outlawed slavery in any territories or states north of the 36 degree 30 line.
Slavery still happened in the south.
Balance of power in the Senate Slave States to Free States the same.
8- U4.2.4 Compromise of 1850 (479pg)
1. California to enter the Union as a free state
2. The rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into two territories Utah and New Mexico in which
the status of slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty.
a. The American govt. is ruled by the people through their vote.
3. Texas would give up land east of the upper Rio Grande. In return, the govt. would pay Texas's
debts from when it was an independent republic.
4. The slave trade - but not slavery - would end in the nation's capital, Washington D.C.
5. A more effective fugitive slave law would be passed.
8-U4.2.2 Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (479pg)
1. Law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed officals to arrest of escaped those slaves
in free areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders.
8-U4.2.2 Dred Scott vs. Sanford (489pg)
1. U.S. Supreme Court ruling that declared
a. African Americans were not U.S. citizens,
b. That the Missouri Compromise’s restriction on slavery was unconstitutional, and
c. That Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in any federal territories.
2. Slaves were property
8-U4.2.2 Southern States
1. Southern states used their legislative branches to be in charge of their slaves (Passing Laws).
2. Slavery was a state’s issue