These are the primary things that you will always need to keep in mind, not rules set in stone mind you, but if you lose track of these you're path to success will be much more arduous.
There are two ways to complete the bundles in a year, the easy way and the normal way:
Normal way: Follow the guide as I've laid out and you should do ok, with a little good RNG anyway. Plant crops to invest into animals, invest animal earnings into infrastructure, and upgrade minimally in tools. Its slow and daunting, but it works!
The easy way: Make friends with Caroline as early as possible! At 2 hearts (which you should be able to do by week 2) you get the tea sapling recipe, at which point your earnings are only limited by the amount of fiber you collect. Vendoring for 500g each these things can easily buy all your upgrades and give you time for exploration and fishing.
Either one you choose, the following rules will serve you well, its just a matter of how fast you grow.
Watch the time, always. The clock runs very quickly in Stardew and if you don't pay attention to it you'll get stuck in a bad position. You must be in bed by 2:00 AM every day, if you are not, you pass out and start the next day with a penalty of cash and/or bag items lost. Doesn't sound like a big deal, but ever g can count in getting the bundles done in the first year, which includes vendoring stuff you don't actually want or need.
Watch your energy level, especially in the first couple seasons. Everything you do, fishing, planting , watering, chopping wood, etc. takes a small amount of energy, if you deplete that energy before the end of the day you need to replenish it in order to continue. On this same note, don't exhaust yourself, and try to be in bed before midnight to make sure you start each day with full energy
Skills will level via gameplay, but don't ignore them. You'll use skills to fill bundles, but, if you don't make a point of using them, you may not be able to complete tasks. For example, you'll gain combat experience in the mines by exploring and getting in fights, but if you run away from too many fights you'll be in trouble later on and will be unable to explore deeper levels of the mines. Stardew is a balancing act.
Fill seasonal bundles as early in the season as possible, if a fish is available in two seasons, go after it at every availability until you get it. A bundle filled is a bundle completed!
Check the TV, everyday!
The weather report is always correct and its good to know if you don't need to worry about watering tomorrow.
The fortune teller can help you decide if you should be in the mines that day.
Living off the land can yield tips and tricks, especially on your first play.
The Queen of Sauce has recipes, a couple of which you will need later on to fill bundles
6. Make friends as you go. Doesn't seem like much, but they will yield dividends, sometimes an item that helps fill a bundle early, sometimes a recipe, sometimes a cash gift . I also like to incorporate the mini challenges in my first year, including marrying and having a family.
7. Check the travelling vendor every Friday and Sunday. The one item that will torpedo your entire game is the Red Cabbage, seeds cannot be purchased through the store until the second year and it cannot be foraged, it can ONLY be purchased through the travelling vendor, so if you miss their visit you may miss the only opportunity you have to complete the bundles in year one. The vendor also shows up daily in the Night Market event during the winter so check her out. Usually she sells the cabbage itself, but occasionally she has offered the seeds, which might mean needing the greenhouse up and running for completion.
8. Use fertilizer whenever you can! They will speed up growth or improve yields depending on which you use, and basic fertilizer only requires a bit of sap, something you will get lots of; you'll need 5 gold star items from several different crops for the Quality bundle!
Nothing too grandiose here, just a link to all things Stardew, the Official Wiki for the game. You might run into the odd question here and there that won't be answered, but not many.