1.0 Patterns in Matter

Chemistry
- IMF Bridge
- 1.1 Patterns in Matter

PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter

Each atom has a charged substructure consisting of a nucleus, which is made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. (HS-PS1-1)
The periodic table orders elements horizontally by the number of protons in the atom’s nucleus and places those with similar chemical properties in columns. The repeating patterns of this table reflect patterns of outer electron states. (HS-PS1-1)

PS2.B: Types of Interactions

Attraction and repulsion between electric charges at the atomic scale explain the structure, properties, and transformations of matter, as well as the contact forces between material objects. (HS-PS1-1)

Developing and Using Models

Modeling in 9–12 builds on K–8 experiences and progresses to using, synthesizing, and developing models to predict and show relationships among variables between systems and their components in the natural and designed world(s).

Use a model to predict the relationships between systems or between components of a system. (HS-PS1-1)

Patterns

Different patterns may be observed at each of the scales at which a system is studied and can provide evidence for causality in explanations of phenomena. (HS-PS1-1)

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.

Vocabulary:

Atoms
Nucleus
- Protons (positively-charged)
- Neutrons (neutrally-charged)
Electrons (negatively-charged)
Valence electrons
Periodic table
Elements
Elemental properties
- reactivity of metals, metaloids and non-metals
- types of bonds formed, (Dec Summative)
- number of bonds formed, (Dec Summative)
- reactions with oxygen (Dec Summative)
Reactivity
Patterns

Reactivity of Metals in Water

We will be placing a variety of metals into water.

The metals we will look at:

Al - Aluminum
Mg - Magnesium
Ca - Calcium
Li - Lithium
K - Potassium
Na - Sodium

List what you know about each of the metals.
Describe the reactions when the metal is placed in the water.
1. Appearance of the Metal: Note the color, luster, hardness, and any changes in the metal's surface during the reaction.
2. Reaction Rate: Observe how quickly the metal reacts with water.
  1. Reactivity Scale:
    1. No noticeable reaction or extremely slow reaction
    2. Slow reaction, minimal gas production, more noticeable in hot water
    3. Moderate reaction, noticeable gas production, slight temperature increase
    4. Vigorous reaction, significant gas production, noticeable heat
    5. Very vigorous reaction, substantial gas production, significant heat
3. Gas Evolution: Look for the production of bubbles or gas (typically hydrogen gas).
  1. Gas Evolution Scale:
    1. No noticeable gas evolution
    2. Very slow gas evolution, minimal bubbles, more noticeable with increased temperature
    3. Moderate gas evolution, steady stream of bubbles
    4. Vigorous gas evolution, rapid bubble formation
    5. Very vigorous gas evolution, intense and rapid bubble formation
4. Solution Appearance: Notice any changes in the color or clarity of the water after the reaction.
5. Sound: Listen for any fizzing or popping sounds during the reaction.
6. Solid Residue: Look for any precipitate or residue formed after the reaction.
Rank the various reactions with water from LEAST vigorous to MOST vigorous.
Propose some reasons why we are not allowed to experiment with Cesium in MHS100.

Potassium (K) in Water

Lithium (Li) in Water

Calcium (Ca)

Magnesium (Mg) in Water

15 min in 15 sec

Additional Resources:

CK12 - Alkali Metals - Video
CK12 - Alkali Metals - Article
CK12 - Alkaline Earth Metals

Column 1 - Alkali Metals

Column 2 - Alkaline Earth Metals

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