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LS1-1 Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.
Central Dogma of Biology DNA->RNA->Protein
Form Dictates Function
From Simple Instructions, Complexity Arises
Minor changes can have major impacts
If something breaks, we know what it does.
What are Proteins?
What are Proteins?
What do Proteins do?
What do Proteins do?
The Diverse Roles of Proteins
The Diverse Roles of Proteins
Group A: Enzymatic Proteins
Focus: How proteins act as enzymes to catalyze biochemical reactions.
Task: Research and present on how enzymes work, with examples like digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase).
Group B: Structural Proteins
Focus: The role of proteins in providing structure and support.
Task: Investigate proteins like collagen and keratin, explaining their role in skin, hair, and nails.
Group C: Transport Proteins
Focus: How proteins assist in transport and storage of substances.
Task: Explore hemoglobin’s role in oxygen transport or how proteins transport nutrients across cell membranes.
Group D: Defensive Proteins
Focus: Proteins' role in the immune system.
Task: Explain how antibodies work to fight infections.
Group E: Signal Proteins
Focus: The role of proteins in cell communication and signal transduction.
Task: Research and present on hormones like insulin and their importance in body regulation.
Group F: Motor Proteins
Focus: Proteins' role in movement and contraction.
Task: Discuss the function of actin and myosin in muscle contraction.
Instructions for Each Group:
Research: Use textbooks, online resources, and educational videos to gather information.
Presentation: Prepare a short presentation (3-4 minutes) to explain your topic. Use visuals or demonstrations if possible. Only use vocab or concepts that you fully understand.
Real-Life Example: Include at least one real-life application or example in your presentation.
Discussion Questions: Prepare two questions for the class to encourage discussion after your presentation.
From Simple Instructions, Complexity Arises - Optional
From Simple Instructions, Complexity Arises - Optional
Proteins are made of building blocks called amino acids, and have their own special shape. Not only do they look different, but they have different jobs to do inside the cell. Some proteins help move things around in the body, others act like support structures or glue to hold parts of the cell together, and some can help reactions in the cell go faster. The protein we’re making is a channel that sits in the outer cell surface, or membrane, and works like a door that lets certain molecules pass through. Some channels are open all the time while others can be closed depending on signals from the cell or the environment.
Written Instructions - Paper Channel Protein
Square craft paper (sometimes called origami paper) can be found at Diaso and other stores throughout Abu Dhabi.
Where do Proteins Come From?
Where do Proteins Come From?
Explore how a linear sequence of DNA codes for a linear sequence of amino acids. Animations of DNA transcription and translation of mRNA to chains of amino acids can be used to gain deeper understanding of these processes. Edit the DNA nucleotide sequence and watch what happens to the final amino acid chain product.
Small changes lead to major differences
Small changes lead to major differences
A Spirograph is a geometric drawing device that produces mathematical roulette curves of the variety technically known as hypotrochoids and epitrochoids. The well known toy version was developed by British engineer Denys Fisher and first sold in 1965.
It is also an excellent example of how subtle changes in the initial conditions can produce a significant impact on the final outcome. In biology, FORM DICTATES FUNCTION is a common phrase to describe the relationship between the shape of a object (protein, cell, organ, etc) and the how the object is used.
One of my families favorite games is Settlers of Catan, where the game board changes each time you play the game. We often wonder if the initial conditions affect the game play.
DNA - mRNA - Protein Practice
DNA - mRNA - Protein Practice
DNA to Protein Production
DNA to Protein Production
Amino Acid Properties - Not req'd for the ACS Summative
Amino Acid Properties - Not req'd for the ACS Summative
Paper Proteins:
Paper Proteins:
To create your 2 MUTATIONS:
Determine Base pair to mutate:
Types of Mutations:
Heads = Insertion - Insert base of your choice
Tails = Deletion - Delete the base at this point
POSITIVE AA place a +
NEGATIVE AA place a -
NEUTRAL (UNCHARGED) AA’s place a 0
HYDROPHOBIC AA place a ∞
SPECIAL CASES place a ?
Make a Claim
Make a Claim
Lactose intolerance occurs when a person’s body produces insufficient amounts of lactase, an enzyme responsible for breaking down lactose (a sugar found in milk). The ability to digest lactose is controlled by the LCT gene, which produces lactase.
In most mammals (including early humans), lactase production decreases after infancy, leading to lactose intolerance in adulthood. However, some human populations have a mutation in the regulatory region of the LCT gene, allowing them to continue producing lactase throughout life. This mutation is known as lactase persistence and is an example of human evolution driven by diet.
Using your knowledge of DNA, transcription, and translation, construct a Claim-Evidence-Reasoning (CER) response to explain how this mutation leads to lactase persistence.
Some guiding questions:
What is the normal function of the LCT gene and how does its regulation affect lactose digestion? (Form Dictates Function)
How does a small change in the regulatory region of DNA allow some people to digest lactose while others cannot? (From Simple Instructions, Complexity Arises)
Why does this small mutation significantly impact human populations and diet? (Minor Changes Can Have Major Impacts)
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