The West (Europe + U.S.A.) dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, while both land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states by the century’s end. The older, land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. These changes in Russia eventually led to communist States around the world challenged the existing political and social order, including the Mexican Revolution that arose as a result of political crisis.
Turkification
Bolshevik Communists
Young Turks
Mexican Revolution
Institutional
Revolutionary Party (PRI)
The West Increases Their Grip on the World
During the late 18th - 19th centuries, European powers in Asia weakened the Qing in China, the Mughals in India, and the Ottomans in the Middle East. Lacking the ability to properly modernize, these land empires slowly lost control within their territories as European powers defeated them militarily & forced them to sign unequal treaties, especially after World War I.
The 1900s also saw revolutionary challenges to existing political authorities that did not result in the complete collapse of governments and political systems.