Nzinga riding into battle to fight European colonization, as illustrated by Pat Masioni for UNESCO’s series on women in African history.
State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level. Some examples of this type of local resistance included, but was not limited to the Pueblo Revolts (in North America), the Fronde (civil wars France), Cossack revolts (in Russia), Maratha conflict with Mughals, Ana Nzinga’s resistance (against the Portugese in her African Kingdom of Ndongo and Matamba), Metacom’s War (or King Philip’s War in North America), and various slave resistance which challenged existing authorities in the Americas. Slave resistance include the establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazi North American slave resistance
Queen Nzinga
King Philip’s War
Pueblo Revolts
Fronde
Cossack revolts
*MCQ: Stimulus Based Questions
As land empires and European maritime empires expanded and centralized, various local movements rose to challenge the expansion and power of states. Additionally, slaves challenged authorities in the Americas through rebellion and establishing communities of those who had escaped slavery.
Enslaved peoples in the Americas did not just submit to slavery. Across North & South America and the Caribbean, slaves engaged in both passive & active resistance.