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Learning Objective:
D. Compare the methods by which various empires increased their influence from 1450 - 1750.
REVIEW UNIT 3 KEY CONCEPTS:
Land-based, including the Manchu (Qing) in Central and East Asia; Mughal in South and Central Asia; Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the Safavids in the Middle East. These land-based empires achieved significant expansion and influence around the world, each developing systems to maintain, retain, and expand their reach. Each also dealt with more diverse religious populations within each kingdom, often causing conflict. Later in the period, emerging European powers, such a Portugal, Spain, France, and England will force interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade.
Land-Based Empires 1450-1750
3.1 Land-Based Empires 1450-1750
Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, & armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres. Land empires included the Manchu in Central and East Asia; the Mughal in South & Central Asia; the Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the Safavids in the Middle East. Each dealt differently with political and religious disputes which led to rivalries and conflict between states. Examples state rivals include: Safavid - Mughal conflicts, & Songhai Empire’s Conflict with Morocco.
Qing Imperial Portraits
3.2 Empire Administration 1450-1750
Recruitment & use of bureaucratic elites, and the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain control over their populations and resources; such as the Ottoman Devshirme and Salaried Samurai in Japan. Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule; such as the use of Qing portraits, France's Versailles palaces, and Mughal mosques. Rulers used tribute collection, such as the Mexica, or Ottoman tax farming, and even innovative tax-collection systems generating enormous revenues to expand.
Martin Luther nailing his 95 These arguing against the Catholic churches abuses of power.
3.3 Empires: Belief Systems 1450-1750
In Europe, the Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-reformations contributed to the overall growth of Christianity, worldwide. However, political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the centuries old split within Islam between Sunni and Shi’a. Lastly, Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam.
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