Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anti-colonial movements. Anti-imperial resistance took various forms, including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries. Examples of this direct resistance include; Túpac Amaru II’s rebellion in Peru, Samory Touré’s military battles in West Africa, Yaa Asantewaa War in West Africa, and the 1857 rebellion in India (Sepoy Rebellion). In addition there were the formation of new states such as the Establishment of independent states in the Balkans, the Sokoto Caliphate in modern-day Nigeria, the Cherokee Nation in the U.S., and the Zulu Kingdom. Increasing discontent with imperial rule led to rebellions, some of which were influenced by religious ideas and led to rebellions like the, Ghost Dance in the U.S., the Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in Southern Africa, and the Mahdist wars in Sudan.
Balkan Peninsula
Ghost Dance
Raj
Yaa Asantewaa
Tupac Amaru II
Sepoy Rebellion
(Indian Rebellion 1857)
Samory Touré
Vietnam
Spanish-American War
Maori Wars
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement
Native Grievances