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AP World History - theTOtorial
Home
Reference
AP World History Regional Map
Course Syllabus
AP Wall of Fame
APWH - Back-to-School Night
APWH - Big Ideas by Period
AP Historical Thinking and Reasoning Skills
Frequently Asked Questions
Writing Guides
Review Sessions
Unit I - Early Human Societies
I - The Ballad of Mulan
Intro Videos
I - Hammurabi SOAPS and IDEAS
I - The Axial Age
1 - Buddhism
2 - Confucianism
3 - Daoism
4 - Hellenism
5 - Hinduism
6 - Judaism
7 - Legalism
8 - Zoroastrianism
I - Quick HITs Introduction
I - Complex Civilization - SAQ Review
I - Critique of Jared Diamond
Unit II - State-Building
II - Sinicization
Group Assignments
Characteristics of Classical and Postclassical China
II - Americas - Worlds Apart Synthesis
1. Chinampas
2. Mayan Calendar
3. Tula, Capital of the Toltec Empire
4. Cuzco and Macchu Picchu
5. Human Sacrifice and Flower Wars
6. Monk's Mound
7. Pochteca and the Markets
8. Calpulli & Tlacotin
9. Incan Roads and Tambos
10. The Ayllu, Quipu and the Mita
Americas SAQ Prompts
SAQ Prompts
II - Feudalism in Europe
1 - Feudal System - Full
1 - Feudal System
2 - Life on a Manor
3 - Oath of Homage and Fealty
4 - Duties of a Villein
II - Consolidation & Expansion of Rome and Han
The Mandate of Heaven
Views of Caesar Augustus
Acts 16 from the New Testament
HTS: Comparison
HTS: Consequences and CCOT
II - Islam - Empires of Faith
II - Religion and State in India - CCOT
1A. Vedic Age - Rig Veda
1B. Vedic Age - Upanishads
2 - The Classical Age
2B. Ashoka's Edicts
2C. Arthashastra
2Ci. Arthashastra
2Cii. Arthashastra
2Ciii. Arthashastra
2Civ. Arthashastra
3 - Postclassical Age
3A. Qutb Complex
3B. Fatawa-l Jahandari
Excerpt from Worlds Together, Worlds Apart
Unit III - Networks of Exchange
III - Buddhism in Tang China
Postclassical China
III - Qingming Scroll
China in 1,000 C.E.
Cities
Confucian Revival
Economic Revolution
Technological Revolution
III - Black Death Digital Task
PART II: The Blame Game
PART III: The Traveler
PART IV: The Plague
PART V: Lay Reactions in Europe
PART VI: Lay Reactions in the Middle East
PART VII: The Extremists
PART VIII: Historical Consequences
PART IX: Art
PART X: The Physicians
III - Languages in the Worlds Apart
III - Exploring the Entrepôts - Indian Ocean
Jewish Merchant Writes Home
III - Mongols DBQ Activities
Mongols DBQ - Document Set
Marco Polo in Yuan China
Historian POV
Context Documents
Evidence Beyond the Documents
Excerpt 1
Excerpt 2
Excerpt 3
Excerpt 4
Ibn Battuta in Yuan China
DBQ Instructional
III - Writings of Ibn Battuta
Prezi
III - The Silk Roads
Task A: Zhang Qian's Journey West
Task B: Silk
Task C: Sailing from Sri Lanka to China
Movement Set: Zhang Qian's Journey West
Movement Set: Faxian's Journey to India
Caravans
III - A Glimpse into Latin Europe
CHARACTERISTIC #1
CHARACTERISTIC #2
CHARACTERISTIC #3
CHARACTERISTIC #4
CHARACTERISTIC #5
CHARACTERISTIC #6
CHARACTERISTIC #7
CHARACTERISTIC #8
CHARACTERISTIC #9
CHARACTERISTIC #10
CHARACTERISTIC #11
CHARACTERISTIC #12
Unit IV - Early Modern World
IV - Incremental Rise of the West
A: Nicholas Copernicus
B: New World Explorers
C: Galileo Galilei
D: Lady Mary Wortley Montague
E: Sir Isaac Newton
F: Maritime Workhorses
G: Boyle's Law
H: Torricelli, Celsius, & Fahrenheit
I: Little Ice Age, Big Consequences
J: Joint Stock Companies
What Went Wrong?
Science in the Ottoman Empire
IV - GGS - Conquest
Context of 1500
Constantinople
Iberian Peninsula
Inca
Portuguese
IV - Creation of Cultural Stereotypes
Context of 1532
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mutapa and Mozambique
Kingdom of Kongo
The Taíno
Japan's encounters
Kingdom of Benin
Kingdom of Kongo - Late
Postclassical Maya
The Jesuits in Japan
Japan at the Dawn of Tokugawa
European Conquistadors
Group Presentation Instructions
IV - Early Explorer Accounts
Amerigo Vespucci's "Letter of 1502"
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
Bartolomé de Las Casas
IV - Portuguese in the Indian Ocean DBQ
Excerpt from Earth and Its Peoples
IV - The Columbian Exchange
SAQ - SEC - Columbian Exchange - Crosby
Introduction and Definition
Tobacco in Europe and Asia
Sweet Potatoes in China
Potatoes in Europe
Malaria in the Americas
Forests of America
IV - Protestant Reformation Excerpt
IV - Las Castas
IV - Coerced Labor in the Early Modern World
Atlantic Slave Trade - Introduction
1. Out of Africa
2. Migration of Sugar Cultivation
3. Old World Slave Trade
4. Atlantic Currents
5. Maritime Ports
6. Slave Ship Origins
7. Slave Embarkation
8. Slave Disembarkation
9. Volume and Direction
Slave Voyages
Secondary Sources
Earth and Its Peoples - Coerced Natives
Earth and Its Peoples - Chattel Slavery
Earth and Its Peoples - Indentured Servitude
Indentures at Gunston Hall
Primary Sources
PS - Coerced Natives in Siberia
PS - Coerced Natives in Latin America
PS - Slavery in the Caribbean
PS - Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
PS - Slavery in SE Asia
PS - The Slave Market in South America
PS - Indentured Servants
Resistance
R - Maroons of Trelawney Town
R - Metacom's Complaints
R - Proclamation Stemming from Tupac Amaru's Rebellion
Short Activities
SAQ - Exports to U.S.
Template
IV - Consolidating Land Empires
1 - Süleymaniye Mosque and Topkapi Palace
2 - Ali Qapu of Isfahan
3 - Fatehpur Sikri and Taj Mahal
4 - Twelver Shiism
5 - Akbar’s Divine Faith
6 - The Millet and Jizya
7 - Elite Cavalry
8 - The Scholar-Bureaucrat
9 - Istanbul Grand Bazaar
10 - Hanlin Academy and Yongle’s Encyclopedia
11 - The “Gunpowder Empires”
12 - Specialized Military Units
13 - Westernization
14 - Cultural Conservatism
15 - Son of Heaven in the Forbidden City
16 - National Exports
IV - British East India Company
British East India Company - Original
1 - British East India Company
2 - British East India Company
3 - British East India Company
4 - British East India Company
IV - Western Christendom Excerpt
IV - Western Christendom Short Excerpt
IV - Empires of the Early Modern World
1 - Ottoman Empire
2 - Safavid Empire
3 - England
4 - Mughal Empire
5 - The Netherlands
6 - Spain
7 - Tokugawa Japan
8 - Portugal
9 - Imperial China
10 - Russian Empire
Exhibit Objects - Guidelines
IV - Evidence CARDS Activity
Unit V - Revolutions
V - The Enlightenment
Doppelgängers
Big Picture Timeline Sample
V - American Revolutionary Changes
Group Brainstorm
V - Declaration of the Rights?
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Declaration of the Rights of Women
V - Bolivar's Jamaica Letter
Spanish America Background
Colonial Economies
Imperial Reform
Society
State and Church
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8
Part 9
Part 10
V - The Napoleonic Code - Selected Excerpts
1 - Selected Excerpts
2 - Selected Excerpts
3 - Selected Excerpts
4 - Selected Excerpts
5 - Selected Excerpts
6 - Selected Excerpts
7 - Selected Excerpts
8 - Selected Excerpts
9 - Selected Excerpts
10 - Selected Excerpts
11 - Selected Excerpts
12 - Selected Excerpts
13 - Selected Excerpts
14 - Selected Excerpts
15 - Selected Excerpts
16 - Selected Excerpts
17 - Selected Excerpts
18 - Selected Excerpts
19 - Selected Excerpts
20 - Selected Excerpts
21 - Selected Excerpts
22 - Selected Excerpts
23 - Selected Excerpts
24 - Selected Excerpts
25 - Selected Excerpts
26 - Selected Excerpts
27 - Selected Excerpts
28 - Selected Excerpts
29 - Selected Excerpts
30 - Selected Excerpts
31 - Selected Excerpts
32 - Selected Excerpts
33 - Selected Excerpts
34 - Selected Excerpts
35 - Selected Excerpts
V - Pre-industrial Life
Pre-Industrial Workers
The Family as a Basis of Work Organization
The Guilds
V - Conditions of Industrialism
0- Progress of the Century
0-Grouping
0-Postclassical China?
0-Grouping-AP
Condition 1
Condition 2
V - Industrialization Outside the West
DBQ: Industrialism in Russia and Japan
Textbook Excerpt
Roll-Risk-Reading Review
Industrial Revolution in World History
V - Excesses of Industrialism
Competition Activity - Instructions
SAQ: Industrial Revolution
V - Cumulative Review Graphics
Unit VI - Consequences of Industrialization
VI - The Raj: All the Rage or Cause of Rage?
Reginald Coupland
Romesh C. Dutt
Dadabhai Naoroji
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Maps
Data
Pictorial History
Background - Great Rebellion of 1857 - WTWA
Background - Great Rebellion of 1857 - WW
VI - Global Movement in the Industrial World
VI - Industrialism in Japan and Russia
DBQ: Industrialization in Japan and Russia
DBQ Review
Unit VII - Global Conflict
VII - Origins of the Great War - Who is at Fault?
Historical Context - The Pan Movements
VII - First World War: Perspective and Reality
The Romance of War
Background Reading - Russia
All Quiet on the Western Front
War Poems
Edith von Krell, 1917
Berlin Police Reports, 1915
VII - Early 20th Century Revolutions
A - Lenin
B - Lenin
C - Lenin
D - Sun
E - Sun
F - Sun
G - Madero
H - Zapata
I - Zapata
VII - Nationalism in the Interwar Period
14 Points - Excerpt
Versailles Commentary
Salt March
Textbook Excerpts
Champaran Satyagraha
“Speech to the Nation”
“The Spirit of the May 4th Movement,” Deng Yingchao (1949)
VII - Cathedrals of Modern Commerce
Women in Latin America
Women in East Asia
Women in the West
Women in the Ottoman Empire
VII - Return Path to War
Rise of Authoritarian States
Munich Agreement, 1938
Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Appeasement Scenarios
VII - Fascist Propaganda
Propaganda Reference Form
1 FP Exhibit
2 FP Exhibit
3 FP Exhibit
4 FP Exhibit
5 FP Exhibit
6 FP Exhibit
7 FP Exhibit
8 FP Exhibit
9 FP Exhibit
10 FP Exhibit
11 FP Exhibit
12 FP Exhibit
13 FP Exhibit
14 FP Exhibit
15 FP Exhibit
16 FP Exhibit
17 FP Exhibit
18 FP Exhibit
19 FP Exhibit
20 FP Exhibit
21 FP Exhibit
22 FP Exhibit
23 FP Exhibit
24 FP Exhibit
VII - Road to Auschwitz
Anti-Jewish Decrees
Anti-Semitism Cartoon #1
Anti-Semitism Cartoon #2
The Story of the S.S. St. Louis
Excerpt from Night
One Survivor Remembers
The Holocaust: Non-Jewish Victims
People with Special Needs
Gay Men Under the Nazi Regime
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
The Roma
Soviet POWs
Photo Analysis
Timeline
Long History of Anti-Semitism
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
The Responders
Gino Bartali
Corrie ten Boom
Varian Fry
Oskar Schindler
Chiune Sugihara
Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus
Hermann Ludwig Maas
Martha and Waitstill Sharp
Raoul Wallenberg
Nicholas Winton
Assigned Roles
VII - WWII as Total War
1 - Bataan Death March
2 - Battle of Berlin
3 - Battle of Stalingrad
4 - Behind Enemy Lines
5 - Bombing of Cities
6 - "Comfort" Women
7 - Human Experimentation
8 - Kamikazes
9 - Lend Lease
10 - Warsaw Uprising
11 - POWs and Slave Labor
12 - Rape of Nanjing
13 - Seaborne Invasions
14 - Scorched Earth Policies
15 - Siege of Leningrad
16 - Submarine Warfare
CP - The French Resistance
CP - POWs and Slave Labor in Germany
CP - Scorched Earth Policies
CP - "Comfort" Women
Hypothetical Scenarios for U.S. High Command
Douhet and Picasso
Defining Total War
VII - International War Tribunal
1. Hermann Göring
2. Hirohito
3. Hans Frank
4. Rodolfo Graziani
5. Alfred Jodl
6. Masaharu Homma
7. Karl Dönitz
8. Shiro Ishii
9. Joachim von Ribbentrop
10. Hideki Tojo
11. Heinrich Himmler
12. Albert Speer
6. Adolf Hitler
Actual Verdicts
All-Digital Instructions
Unit VIII - Cold War and Decolonization
VIII - Marshall Plan
VIII - The Struggle for Palestine
The United Nations
Two Claims to Palestine
Situation 1947 - The U.N. Plan for Palestine
Situation 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War
Situation 1956: The Suez Crisis
Situation 1967: The Six-Day War
Situation 1980s: The Intifada
PSD - McMahon-Hussein Correspondence
PSD - Sykes-Picot Agreement
PSD - Balfour Declaration
Actual Outcomes
Situation 1947 - The U.N. Plan for Palestine with Outcomes
Situation 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War with Outcomes
Situation 1956: The Suez Crisis with Outcomes
Situation 1967: The Six-Day War with Outcomes
Situation 1980s: The Intifada with Outcomes
VIII - Egyptian Nationalism
“Egyptianness” – Ahmad Lutfi Al-Sayyid
“The Future of Culture in Egypt” – Taha Husayn
“The New Renaissance” – Hasan Al-Banna
Period 2: Hellenistic Egypt
Period 2: Roman and Byzantine Egypt
Postcolonial Nationalism - Extreme Extra Credit
Visions for Modern Egypt
Land Reform
Arab Socialism
Pan-Arabism
Nationalization and Taxation
The Mutamassirun
Islamic Brotherhood
Period 3: Shiism and the Fatamids
Period 3: Origin and Spread of Islam
Period 4-5: Ottoman Empire
Period 6: France and Ali's Egypt
Period 6-7: Egypt and Britain
VIII - Cold War Soap Opera
VIII - Challenges to Communist Rule
Samizdat on Consumer Goods
May 13th Hunger Strike Declaration
VIII - Women and Communism
Bulgaria - Elena Lagadinova
PRC - Jiang Qing
Soviet Union - Anna Dubova
Soviet Union - Alexandra Kollontai
DBQ - Scoring Guide
DBQ - Rubric and Documents
VIII - Cold War in the Congo
Unit IX - The Contemporary World
IX - Problems, Solutions, and Problems from the Solutions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1 – Quantum Mechanics and Schrödinger’s Cat
1 – Artificial Intelligence Technology
2 – Emergent Diseases
3 – Global Supply Chain
4 – New Medical Innovations
5 – The Green Revolution
6 – New Lifestyle Diseases – Diabetes and Heart Disease
7 – Overpopulation and the Birth Control Controversy
8 – Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide – Armenia, Cambodia and Bosnia
9 – Displacement of People Groups – Palestine and Darfur
10 – The Military-Industrial Complex
11 – Terrorism: Religious Extremism and Ultranationalism
12 – Water (Too Much and Not Enough)
13 – Income Inequality
14 – Intergovernmental Organizations
15 – Global Immigration
16 – International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs)
Class Quilts
The Ever-Changing Interconnected World
AP World History - theTOtorial
Home
Reference
AP World History Regional Map
Course Syllabus
AP Wall of Fame
APWH - Back-to-School Night
APWH - Big Ideas by Period
AP Historical Thinking and Reasoning Skills
Frequently Asked Questions
Writing Guides
Review Sessions
Unit I - Early Human Societies
I - The Ballad of Mulan
Intro Videos
I - Hammurabi SOAPS and IDEAS
I - The Axial Age
1 - Buddhism
2 - Confucianism
3 - Daoism
4 - Hellenism
5 - Hinduism
6 - Judaism
7 - Legalism
8 - Zoroastrianism
I - Quick HITs Introduction
I - Complex Civilization - SAQ Review
I - Critique of Jared Diamond
Unit II - State-Building
II - Sinicization
Group Assignments
Characteristics of Classical and Postclassical China
II - Americas - Worlds Apart Synthesis
1. Chinampas
2. Mayan Calendar
3. Tula, Capital of the Toltec Empire
4. Cuzco and Macchu Picchu
5. Human Sacrifice and Flower Wars
6. Monk's Mound
7. Pochteca and the Markets
8. Calpulli & Tlacotin
9. Incan Roads and Tambos
10. The Ayllu, Quipu and the Mita
Americas SAQ Prompts
SAQ Prompts
II - Feudalism in Europe
1 - Feudal System - Full
1 - Feudal System
2 - Life on a Manor
3 - Oath of Homage and Fealty
4 - Duties of a Villein
II - Consolidation & Expansion of Rome and Han
The Mandate of Heaven
Views of Caesar Augustus
Acts 16 from the New Testament
HTS: Comparison
HTS: Consequences and CCOT
II - Islam - Empires of Faith
II - Religion and State in India - CCOT
1A. Vedic Age - Rig Veda
1B. Vedic Age - Upanishads
2 - The Classical Age
2B. Ashoka's Edicts
2C. Arthashastra
2Ci. Arthashastra
2Cii. Arthashastra
2Ciii. Arthashastra
2Civ. Arthashastra
3 - Postclassical Age
3A. Qutb Complex
3B. Fatawa-l Jahandari
Excerpt from Worlds Together, Worlds Apart
Unit III - Networks of Exchange
III - Buddhism in Tang China
Postclassical China
III - Qingming Scroll
China in 1,000 C.E.
Cities
Confucian Revival
Economic Revolution
Technological Revolution
III - Black Death Digital Task
PART II: The Blame Game
PART III: The Traveler
PART IV: The Plague
PART V: Lay Reactions in Europe
PART VI: Lay Reactions in the Middle East
PART VII: The Extremists
PART VIII: Historical Consequences
PART IX: Art
PART X: The Physicians
III - Languages in the Worlds Apart
III - Exploring the Entrepôts - Indian Ocean
Jewish Merchant Writes Home
III - Mongols DBQ Activities
Mongols DBQ - Document Set
Marco Polo in Yuan China
Historian POV
Context Documents
Evidence Beyond the Documents
Excerpt 1
Excerpt 2
Excerpt 3
Excerpt 4
Ibn Battuta in Yuan China
DBQ Instructional
III - Writings of Ibn Battuta
Prezi
III - The Silk Roads
Task A: Zhang Qian's Journey West
Task B: Silk
Task C: Sailing from Sri Lanka to China
Movement Set: Zhang Qian's Journey West
Movement Set: Faxian's Journey to India
Caravans
III - A Glimpse into Latin Europe
CHARACTERISTIC #1
CHARACTERISTIC #2
CHARACTERISTIC #3
CHARACTERISTIC #4
CHARACTERISTIC #5
CHARACTERISTIC #6
CHARACTERISTIC #7
CHARACTERISTIC #8
CHARACTERISTIC #9
CHARACTERISTIC #10
CHARACTERISTIC #11
CHARACTERISTIC #12
Unit IV - Early Modern World
IV - Incremental Rise of the West
A: Nicholas Copernicus
B: New World Explorers
C: Galileo Galilei
D: Lady Mary Wortley Montague
E: Sir Isaac Newton
F: Maritime Workhorses
G: Boyle's Law
H: Torricelli, Celsius, & Fahrenheit
I: Little Ice Age, Big Consequences
J: Joint Stock Companies
What Went Wrong?
Science in the Ottoman Empire
IV - GGS - Conquest
Context of 1500
Constantinople
Iberian Peninsula
Inca
Portuguese
IV - Creation of Cultural Stereotypes
Context of 1532
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mutapa and Mozambique
Kingdom of Kongo
The Taíno
Japan's encounters
Kingdom of Benin
Kingdom of Kongo - Late
Postclassical Maya
The Jesuits in Japan
Japan at the Dawn of Tokugawa
European Conquistadors
Group Presentation Instructions
IV - Early Explorer Accounts
Amerigo Vespucci's "Letter of 1502"
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
Bartolomé de Las Casas
IV - Portuguese in the Indian Ocean DBQ
Excerpt from Earth and Its Peoples
IV - The Columbian Exchange
SAQ - SEC - Columbian Exchange - Crosby
Introduction and Definition
Tobacco in Europe and Asia
Sweet Potatoes in China
Potatoes in Europe
Malaria in the Americas
Forests of America
IV - Protestant Reformation Excerpt
IV - Las Castas
IV - Coerced Labor in the Early Modern World
Atlantic Slave Trade - Introduction
1. Out of Africa
2. Migration of Sugar Cultivation
3. Old World Slave Trade
4. Atlantic Currents
5. Maritime Ports
6. Slave Ship Origins
7. Slave Embarkation
8. Slave Disembarkation
9. Volume and Direction
Slave Voyages
Secondary Sources
Earth and Its Peoples - Coerced Natives
Earth and Its Peoples - Chattel Slavery
Earth and Its Peoples - Indentured Servitude
Indentures at Gunston Hall
Primary Sources
PS - Coerced Natives in Siberia
PS - Coerced Natives in Latin America
PS - Slavery in the Caribbean
PS - Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
PS - Slavery in SE Asia
PS - The Slave Market in South America
PS - Indentured Servants
Resistance
R - Maroons of Trelawney Town
R - Metacom's Complaints
R - Proclamation Stemming from Tupac Amaru's Rebellion
Short Activities
SAQ - Exports to U.S.
Template
IV - Consolidating Land Empires
1 - Süleymaniye Mosque and Topkapi Palace
2 - Ali Qapu of Isfahan
3 - Fatehpur Sikri and Taj Mahal
4 - Twelver Shiism
5 - Akbar’s Divine Faith
6 - The Millet and Jizya
7 - Elite Cavalry
8 - The Scholar-Bureaucrat
9 - Istanbul Grand Bazaar
10 - Hanlin Academy and Yongle’s Encyclopedia
11 - The “Gunpowder Empires”
12 - Specialized Military Units
13 - Westernization
14 - Cultural Conservatism
15 - Son of Heaven in the Forbidden City
16 - National Exports
IV - British East India Company
British East India Company - Original
1 - British East India Company
2 - British East India Company
3 - British East India Company
4 - British East India Company
IV - Western Christendom Excerpt
IV - Western Christendom Short Excerpt
IV - Empires of the Early Modern World
1 - Ottoman Empire
2 - Safavid Empire
3 - England
4 - Mughal Empire
5 - The Netherlands
6 - Spain
7 - Tokugawa Japan
8 - Portugal
9 - Imperial China
10 - Russian Empire
Exhibit Objects - Guidelines
IV - Evidence CARDS Activity
Unit V - Revolutions
V - The Enlightenment
Doppelgängers
Big Picture Timeline Sample
V - American Revolutionary Changes
Group Brainstorm
V - Declaration of the Rights?
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Declaration of the Rights of Women
V - Bolivar's Jamaica Letter
Spanish America Background
Colonial Economies
Imperial Reform
Society
State and Church
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8
Part 9
Part 10
V - The Napoleonic Code - Selected Excerpts
1 - Selected Excerpts
2 - Selected Excerpts
3 - Selected Excerpts
4 - Selected Excerpts
5 - Selected Excerpts
6 - Selected Excerpts
7 - Selected Excerpts
8 - Selected Excerpts
9 - Selected Excerpts
10 - Selected Excerpts
11 - Selected Excerpts
12 - Selected Excerpts
13 - Selected Excerpts
14 - Selected Excerpts
15 - Selected Excerpts
16 - Selected Excerpts
17 - Selected Excerpts
18 - Selected Excerpts
19 - Selected Excerpts
20 - Selected Excerpts
21 - Selected Excerpts
22 - Selected Excerpts
23 - Selected Excerpts
24 - Selected Excerpts
25 - Selected Excerpts
26 - Selected Excerpts
27 - Selected Excerpts
28 - Selected Excerpts
29 - Selected Excerpts
30 - Selected Excerpts
31 - Selected Excerpts
32 - Selected Excerpts
33 - Selected Excerpts
34 - Selected Excerpts
35 - Selected Excerpts
V - Pre-industrial Life
Pre-Industrial Workers
The Family as a Basis of Work Organization
The Guilds
V - Conditions of Industrialism
0- Progress of the Century
0-Grouping
0-Postclassical China?
0-Grouping-AP
Condition 1
Condition 2
V - Industrialization Outside the West
DBQ: Industrialism in Russia and Japan
Textbook Excerpt
Roll-Risk-Reading Review
Industrial Revolution in World History
V - Excesses of Industrialism
Competition Activity - Instructions
SAQ: Industrial Revolution
V - Cumulative Review Graphics
Unit VI - Consequences of Industrialization
VI - The Raj: All the Rage or Cause of Rage?
Reginald Coupland
Romesh C. Dutt
Dadabhai Naoroji
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Maps
Data
Pictorial History
Background - Great Rebellion of 1857 - WTWA
Background - Great Rebellion of 1857 - WW
VI - Global Movement in the Industrial World
VI - Industrialism in Japan and Russia
DBQ: Industrialization in Japan and Russia
DBQ Review
Unit VII - Global Conflict
VII - Origins of the Great War - Who is at Fault?
Historical Context - The Pan Movements
VII - First World War: Perspective and Reality
The Romance of War
Background Reading - Russia
All Quiet on the Western Front
War Poems
Edith von Krell, 1917
Berlin Police Reports, 1915
VII - Early 20th Century Revolutions
A - Lenin
B - Lenin
C - Lenin
D - Sun
E - Sun
F - Sun
G - Madero
H - Zapata
I - Zapata
VII - Nationalism in the Interwar Period
14 Points - Excerpt
Versailles Commentary
Salt March
Textbook Excerpts
Champaran Satyagraha
“Speech to the Nation”
“The Spirit of the May 4th Movement,” Deng Yingchao (1949)
VII - Cathedrals of Modern Commerce
Women in Latin America
Women in East Asia
Women in the West
Women in the Ottoman Empire
VII - Return Path to War
Rise of Authoritarian States
Munich Agreement, 1938
Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Appeasement Scenarios
VII - Fascist Propaganda
Propaganda Reference Form
1 FP Exhibit
2 FP Exhibit
3 FP Exhibit
4 FP Exhibit
5 FP Exhibit
6 FP Exhibit
7 FP Exhibit
8 FP Exhibit
9 FP Exhibit
10 FP Exhibit
11 FP Exhibit
12 FP Exhibit
13 FP Exhibit
14 FP Exhibit
15 FP Exhibit
16 FP Exhibit
17 FP Exhibit
18 FP Exhibit
19 FP Exhibit
20 FP Exhibit
21 FP Exhibit
22 FP Exhibit
23 FP Exhibit
24 FP Exhibit
VII - Road to Auschwitz
Anti-Jewish Decrees
Anti-Semitism Cartoon #1
Anti-Semitism Cartoon #2
The Story of the S.S. St. Louis
Excerpt from Night
One Survivor Remembers
The Holocaust: Non-Jewish Victims
People with Special Needs
Gay Men Under the Nazi Regime
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
The Roma
Soviet POWs
Photo Analysis
Timeline
Long History of Anti-Semitism
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
The Responders
Gino Bartali
Corrie ten Boom
Varian Fry
Oskar Schindler
Chiune Sugihara
Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus
Hermann Ludwig Maas
Martha and Waitstill Sharp
Raoul Wallenberg
Nicholas Winton
Assigned Roles
VII - WWII as Total War
1 - Bataan Death March
2 - Battle of Berlin
3 - Battle of Stalingrad
4 - Behind Enemy Lines
5 - Bombing of Cities
6 - "Comfort" Women
7 - Human Experimentation
8 - Kamikazes
9 - Lend Lease
10 - Warsaw Uprising
11 - POWs and Slave Labor
12 - Rape of Nanjing
13 - Seaborne Invasions
14 - Scorched Earth Policies
15 - Siege of Leningrad
16 - Submarine Warfare
CP - The French Resistance
CP - POWs and Slave Labor in Germany
CP - Scorched Earth Policies
CP - "Comfort" Women
Hypothetical Scenarios for U.S. High Command
Douhet and Picasso
Defining Total War
VII - International War Tribunal
1. Hermann Göring
2. Hirohito
3. Hans Frank
4. Rodolfo Graziani
5. Alfred Jodl
6. Masaharu Homma
7. Karl Dönitz
8. Shiro Ishii
9. Joachim von Ribbentrop
10. Hideki Tojo
11. Heinrich Himmler
12. Albert Speer
6. Adolf Hitler
Actual Verdicts
All-Digital Instructions
Unit VIII - Cold War and Decolonization
VIII - Marshall Plan
VIII - The Struggle for Palestine
The United Nations
Two Claims to Palestine
Situation 1947 - The U.N. Plan for Palestine
Situation 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War
Situation 1956: The Suez Crisis
Situation 1967: The Six-Day War
Situation 1980s: The Intifada
PSD - McMahon-Hussein Correspondence
PSD - Sykes-Picot Agreement
PSD - Balfour Declaration
Actual Outcomes
Situation 1947 - The U.N. Plan for Palestine with Outcomes
Situation 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War with Outcomes
Situation 1956: The Suez Crisis with Outcomes
Situation 1967: The Six-Day War with Outcomes
Situation 1980s: The Intifada with Outcomes
VIII - Egyptian Nationalism
“Egyptianness” – Ahmad Lutfi Al-Sayyid
“The Future of Culture in Egypt” – Taha Husayn
“The New Renaissance” – Hasan Al-Banna
Period 2: Hellenistic Egypt
Period 2: Roman and Byzantine Egypt
Postcolonial Nationalism - Extreme Extra Credit
Visions for Modern Egypt
Land Reform
Arab Socialism
Pan-Arabism
Nationalization and Taxation
The Mutamassirun
Islamic Brotherhood
Period 3: Shiism and the Fatamids
Period 3: Origin and Spread of Islam
Period 4-5: Ottoman Empire
Period 6: France and Ali's Egypt
Period 6-7: Egypt and Britain
VIII - Cold War Soap Opera
VIII - Challenges to Communist Rule
Samizdat on Consumer Goods
May 13th Hunger Strike Declaration
VIII - Women and Communism
Bulgaria - Elena Lagadinova
PRC - Jiang Qing
Soviet Union - Anna Dubova
Soviet Union - Alexandra Kollontai
DBQ - Scoring Guide
DBQ - Rubric and Documents
VIII - Cold War in the Congo
Unit IX - The Contemporary World
IX - Problems, Solutions, and Problems from the Solutions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1 – Quantum Mechanics and Schrödinger’s Cat
1 – Artificial Intelligence Technology
2 – Emergent Diseases
3 – Global Supply Chain
4 – New Medical Innovations
5 – The Green Revolution
6 – New Lifestyle Diseases – Diabetes and Heart Disease
7 – Overpopulation and the Birth Control Controversy
8 – Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide – Armenia, Cambodia and Bosnia
9 – Displacement of People Groups – Palestine and Darfur
10 – The Military-Industrial Complex
11 – Terrorism: Religious Extremism and Ultranationalism
12 – Water (Too Much and Not Enough)
13 – Income Inequality
14 – Intergovernmental Organizations
15 – Global Immigration
16 – International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs)
Class Quilts
The Ever-Changing Interconnected World
More
Home
Reference
AP World History Regional Map
Course Syllabus
AP Wall of Fame
APWH - Back-to-School Night
APWH - Big Ideas by Period
AP Historical Thinking and Reasoning Skills
Frequently Asked Questions
Writing Guides
Review Sessions
Unit I - Early Human Societies
I - The Ballad of Mulan
Intro Videos
I - Hammurabi SOAPS and IDEAS
I - The Axial Age
1 - Buddhism
2 - Confucianism
3 - Daoism
4 - Hellenism
5 - Hinduism
6 - Judaism
7 - Legalism
8 - Zoroastrianism
I - Quick HITs Introduction
I - Complex Civilization - SAQ Review
I - Critique of Jared Diamond
Unit II - State-Building
II - Sinicization
Group Assignments
Characteristics of Classical and Postclassical China
II - Americas - Worlds Apart Synthesis
1. Chinampas
2. Mayan Calendar
3. Tula, Capital of the Toltec Empire
4. Cuzco and Macchu Picchu
5. Human Sacrifice and Flower Wars
6. Monk's Mound
7. Pochteca and the Markets
8. Calpulli & Tlacotin
9. Incan Roads and Tambos
10. The Ayllu, Quipu and the Mita
Americas SAQ Prompts
SAQ Prompts
II - Feudalism in Europe
1 - Feudal System - Full
1 - Feudal System
2 - Life on a Manor
3 - Oath of Homage and Fealty
4 - Duties of a Villein
II - Consolidation & Expansion of Rome and Han
The Mandate of Heaven
Views of Caesar Augustus
Acts 16 from the New Testament
HTS: Comparison
HTS: Consequences and CCOT
II - Islam - Empires of Faith
II - Religion and State in India - CCOT
1A. Vedic Age - Rig Veda
1B. Vedic Age - Upanishads
2 - The Classical Age
2B. Ashoka's Edicts
2C. Arthashastra
2Ci. Arthashastra
2Cii. Arthashastra
2Ciii. Arthashastra
2Civ. Arthashastra
3 - Postclassical Age
3A. Qutb Complex
3B. Fatawa-l Jahandari
Excerpt from Worlds Together, Worlds Apart
Unit III - Networks of Exchange
III - Buddhism in Tang China
Postclassical China
III - Qingming Scroll
China in 1,000 C.E.
Cities
Confucian Revival
Economic Revolution
Technological Revolution
III - Black Death Digital Task
PART II: The Blame Game
PART III: The Traveler
PART IV: The Plague
PART V: Lay Reactions in Europe
PART VI: Lay Reactions in the Middle East
PART VII: The Extremists
PART VIII: Historical Consequences
PART IX: Art
PART X: The Physicians
III - Languages in the Worlds Apart
III - Exploring the Entrepôts - Indian Ocean
Jewish Merchant Writes Home
III - Mongols DBQ Activities
Mongols DBQ - Document Set
Marco Polo in Yuan China
Historian POV
Context Documents
Evidence Beyond the Documents
Excerpt 1
Excerpt 2
Excerpt 3
Excerpt 4
Ibn Battuta in Yuan China
DBQ Instructional
III - Writings of Ibn Battuta
Prezi
III - The Silk Roads
Task A: Zhang Qian's Journey West
Task B: Silk
Task C: Sailing from Sri Lanka to China
Movement Set: Zhang Qian's Journey West
Movement Set: Faxian's Journey to India
Caravans
III - A Glimpse into Latin Europe
CHARACTERISTIC #1
CHARACTERISTIC #2
CHARACTERISTIC #3
CHARACTERISTIC #4
CHARACTERISTIC #5
CHARACTERISTIC #6
CHARACTERISTIC #7
CHARACTERISTIC #8
CHARACTERISTIC #9
CHARACTERISTIC #10
CHARACTERISTIC #11
CHARACTERISTIC #12
Unit IV - Early Modern World
IV - Incremental Rise of the West
A: Nicholas Copernicus
B: New World Explorers
C: Galileo Galilei
D: Lady Mary Wortley Montague
E: Sir Isaac Newton
F: Maritime Workhorses
G: Boyle's Law
H: Torricelli, Celsius, & Fahrenheit
I: Little Ice Age, Big Consequences
J: Joint Stock Companies
What Went Wrong?
Science in the Ottoman Empire
IV - GGS - Conquest
Context of 1500
Constantinople
Iberian Peninsula
Inca
Portuguese
IV - Creation of Cultural Stereotypes
Context of 1532
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mutapa and Mozambique
Kingdom of Kongo
The Taíno
Japan's encounters
Kingdom of Benin
Kingdom of Kongo - Late
Postclassical Maya
The Jesuits in Japan
Japan at the Dawn of Tokugawa
European Conquistadors
Group Presentation Instructions
IV - Early Explorer Accounts
Amerigo Vespucci's "Letter of 1502"
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
Bartolomé de Las Casas
IV - Portuguese in the Indian Ocean DBQ
Excerpt from Earth and Its Peoples
IV - The Columbian Exchange
SAQ - SEC - Columbian Exchange - Crosby
Introduction and Definition
Tobacco in Europe and Asia
Sweet Potatoes in China
Potatoes in Europe
Malaria in the Americas
Forests of America
IV - Protestant Reformation Excerpt
IV - Las Castas
IV - Coerced Labor in the Early Modern World
Atlantic Slave Trade - Introduction
1. Out of Africa
2. Migration of Sugar Cultivation
3. Old World Slave Trade
4. Atlantic Currents
5. Maritime Ports
6. Slave Ship Origins
7. Slave Embarkation
8. Slave Disembarkation
9. Volume and Direction
Slave Voyages
Secondary Sources
Earth and Its Peoples - Coerced Natives
Earth and Its Peoples - Chattel Slavery
Earth and Its Peoples - Indentured Servitude
Indentures at Gunston Hall
Primary Sources
PS - Coerced Natives in Siberia
PS - Coerced Natives in Latin America
PS - Slavery in the Caribbean
PS - Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
PS - Slavery in SE Asia
PS - The Slave Market in South America
PS - Indentured Servants
Resistance
R - Maroons of Trelawney Town
R - Metacom's Complaints
R - Proclamation Stemming from Tupac Amaru's Rebellion
Short Activities
SAQ - Exports to U.S.
Template
IV - Consolidating Land Empires
1 - Süleymaniye Mosque and Topkapi Palace
2 - Ali Qapu of Isfahan
3 - Fatehpur Sikri and Taj Mahal
4 - Twelver Shiism
5 - Akbar’s Divine Faith
6 - The Millet and Jizya
7 - Elite Cavalry
8 - The Scholar-Bureaucrat
9 - Istanbul Grand Bazaar
10 - Hanlin Academy and Yongle’s Encyclopedia
11 - The “Gunpowder Empires”
12 - Specialized Military Units
13 - Westernization
14 - Cultural Conservatism
15 - Son of Heaven in the Forbidden City
16 - National Exports
IV - British East India Company
British East India Company - Original
1 - British East India Company
2 - British East India Company
3 - British East India Company
4 - British East India Company
IV - Western Christendom Excerpt
IV - Western Christendom Short Excerpt
IV - Empires of the Early Modern World
1 - Ottoman Empire
2 - Safavid Empire
3 - England
4 - Mughal Empire
5 - The Netherlands
6 - Spain
7 - Tokugawa Japan
8 - Portugal
9 - Imperial China
10 - Russian Empire
Exhibit Objects - Guidelines
IV - Evidence CARDS Activity
Unit V - Revolutions
V - The Enlightenment
Doppelgängers
Big Picture Timeline Sample
V - American Revolutionary Changes
Group Brainstorm
V - Declaration of the Rights?
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Declaration of the Rights of Women
V - Bolivar's Jamaica Letter
Spanish America Background
Colonial Economies
Imperial Reform
Society
State and Church
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Part 7
Part 8
Part 9
Part 10
V - The Napoleonic Code - Selected Excerpts
1 - Selected Excerpts
2 - Selected Excerpts
3 - Selected Excerpts
4 - Selected Excerpts
5 - Selected Excerpts
6 - Selected Excerpts
7 - Selected Excerpts
8 - Selected Excerpts
9 - Selected Excerpts
10 - Selected Excerpts
11 - Selected Excerpts
12 - Selected Excerpts
13 - Selected Excerpts
14 - Selected Excerpts
15 - Selected Excerpts
16 - Selected Excerpts
17 - Selected Excerpts
18 - Selected Excerpts
19 - Selected Excerpts
20 - Selected Excerpts
21 - Selected Excerpts
22 - Selected Excerpts
23 - Selected Excerpts
24 - Selected Excerpts
25 - Selected Excerpts
26 - Selected Excerpts
27 - Selected Excerpts
28 - Selected Excerpts
29 - Selected Excerpts
30 - Selected Excerpts
31 - Selected Excerpts
32 - Selected Excerpts
33 - Selected Excerpts
34 - Selected Excerpts
35 - Selected Excerpts
V - Pre-industrial Life
Pre-Industrial Workers
The Family as a Basis of Work Organization
The Guilds
V - Conditions of Industrialism
0- Progress of the Century
0-Grouping
0-Postclassical China?
0-Grouping-AP
Condition 1
Condition 2
V - Industrialization Outside the West
DBQ: Industrialism in Russia and Japan
Textbook Excerpt
Roll-Risk-Reading Review
Industrial Revolution in World History
V - Excesses of Industrialism
Competition Activity - Instructions
SAQ: Industrial Revolution
V - Cumulative Review Graphics
Unit VI - Consequences of Industrialization
VI - The Raj: All the Rage or Cause of Rage?
Reginald Coupland
Romesh C. Dutt
Dadabhai Naoroji
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Maps
Data
Pictorial History
Background - Great Rebellion of 1857 - WTWA
Background - Great Rebellion of 1857 - WW
VI - Global Movement in the Industrial World
VI - Industrialism in Japan and Russia
DBQ: Industrialization in Japan and Russia
DBQ Review
Unit VII - Global Conflict
VII - Origins of the Great War - Who is at Fault?
Historical Context - The Pan Movements
VII - First World War: Perspective and Reality
The Romance of War
Background Reading - Russia
All Quiet on the Western Front
War Poems
Edith von Krell, 1917
Berlin Police Reports, 1915
VII - Early 20th Century Revolutions
A - Lenin
B - Lenin
C - Lenin
D - Sun
E - Sun
F - Sun
G - Madero
H - Zapata
I - Zapata
VII - Nationalism in the Interwar Period
14 Points - Excerpt
Versailles Commentary
Salt March
Textbook Excerpts
Champaran Satyagraha
“Speech to the Nation”
“The Spirit of the May 4th Movement,” Deng Yingchao (1949)
VII - Cathedrals of Modern Commerce
Women in Latin America
Women in East Asia
Women in the West
Women in the Ottoman Empire
VII - Return Path to War
Rise of Authoritarian States
Munich Agreement, 1938
Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Appeasement Scenarios
VII - Fascist Propaganda
Propaganda Reference Form
1 FP Exhibit
2 FP Exhibit
3 FP Exhibit
4 FP Exhibit
5 FP Exhibit
6 FP Exhibit
7 FP Exhibit
8 FP Exhibit
9 FP Exhibit
10 FP Exhibit
11 FP Exhibit
12 FP Exhibit
13 FP Exhibit
14 FP Exhibit
15 FP Exhibit
16 FP Exhibit
17 FP Exhibit
18 FP Exhibit
19 FP Exhibit
20 FP Exhibit
21 FP Exhibit
22 FP Exhibit
23 FP Exhibit
24 FP Exhibit
VII - Road to Auschwitz
Anti-Jewish Decrees
Anti-Semitism Cartoon #1
Anti-Semitism Cartoon #2
The Story of the S.S. St. Louis
Excerpt from Night
One Survivor Remembers
The Holocaust: Non-Jewish Victims
People with Special Needs
Gay Men Under the Nazi Regime
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
The Roma
Soviet POWs
Photo Analysis
Timeline
Long History of Anti-Semitism
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
The Responders
Gino Bartali
Corrie ten Boom
Varian Fry
Oskar Schindler
Chiune Sugihara
Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus
Hermann Ludwig Maas
Martha and Waitstill Sharp
Raoul Wallenberg
Nicholas Winton
Assigned Roles
VII - WWII as Total War
1 - Bataan Death March
2 - Battle of Berlin
3 - Battle of Stalingrad
4 - Behind Enemy Lines
5 - Bombing of Cities
6 - "Comfort" Women
7 - Human Experimentation
8 - Kamikazes
9 - Lend Lease
10 - Warsaw Uprising
11 - POWs and Slave Labor
12 - Rape of Nanjing
13 - Seaborne Invasions
14 - Scorched Earth Policies
15 - Siege of Leningrad
16 - Submarine Warfare
CP - The French Resistance
CP - POWs and Slave Labor in Germany
CP - Scorched Earth Policies
CP - "Comfort" Women
Hypothetical Scenarios for U.S. High Command
Douhet and Picasso
Defining Total War
VII - International War Tribunal
1. Hermann Göring
2. Hirohito
3. Hans Frank
4. Rodolfo Graziani
5. Alfred Jodl
6. Masaharu Homma
7. Karl Dönitz
8. Shiro Ishii
9. Joachim von Ribbentrop
10. Hideki Tojo
11. Heinrich Himmler
12. Albert Speer
6. Adolf Hitler
Actual Verdicts
All-Digital Instructions
Unit VIII - Cold War and Decolonization
VIII - Marshall Plan
VIII - The Struggle for Palestine
The United Nations
Two Claims to Palestine
Situation 1947 - The U.N. Plan for Palestine
Situation 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War
Situation 1956: The Suez Crisis
Situation 1967: The Six-Day War
Situation 1980s: The Intifada
PSD - McMahon-Hussein Correspondence
PSD - Sykes-Picot Agreement
PSD - Balfour Declaration
Actual Outcomes
Situation 1947 - The U.N. Plan for Palestine with Outcomes
Situation 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War with Outcomes
Situation 1956: The Suez Crisis with Outcomes
Situation 1967: The Six-Day War with Outcomes
Situation 1980s: The Intifada with Outcomes
VIII - Egyptian Nationalism
“Egyptianness” – Ahmad Lutfi Al-Sayyid
“The Future of Culture in Egypt” – Taha Husayn
“The New Renaissance” – Hasan Al-Banna
Period 2: Hellenistic Egypt
Period 2: Roman and Byzantine Egypt
Postcolonial Nationalism - Extreme Extra Credit
Visions for Modern Egypt
Land Reform
Arab Socialism
Pan-Arabism
Nationalization and Taxation
The Mutamassirun
Islamic Brotherhood
Period 3: Shiism and the Fatamids
Period 3: Origin and Spread of Islam
Period 4-5: Ottoman Empire
Period 6: France and Ali's Egypt
Period 6-7: Egypt and Britain
VIII - Cold War Soap Opera
VIII - Challenges to Communist Rule
Samizdat on Consumer Goods
May 13th Hunger Strike Declaration
VIII - Women and Communism
Bulgaria - Elena Lagadinova
PRC - Jiang Qing
Soviet Union - Anna Dubova
Soviet Union - Alexandra Kollontai
DBQ - Scoring Guide
DBQ - Rubric and Documents
VIII - Cold War in the Congo
Unit IX - The Contemporary World
IX - Problems, Solutions, and Problems from the Solutions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1 – Quantum Mechanics and Schrödinger’s Cat
1 – Artificial Intelligence Technology
2 – Emergent Diseases
3 – Global Supply Chain
4 – New Medical Innovations
5 – The Green Revolution
6 – New Lifestyle Diseases – Diabetes and Heart Disease
7 – Overpopulation and the Birth Control Controversy
8 – Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide – Armenia, Cambodia and Bosnia
9 – Displacement of People Groups – Palestine and Darfur
10 – The Military-Industrial Complex
11 – Terrorism: Religious Extremism and Ultranationalism
12 – Water (Too Much and Not Enough)
13 – Income Inequality
14 – Intergovernmental Organizations
15 – Global Immigration
16 – International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs)
Class Quilts
The Ever-Changing Interconnected World
Protestant Reformation Excerpt
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