Around 400 C.E., a Chinese monk named Faxian traveled through Central Asia to India in order to visit the Buddhist holy places. After spending more than a decade away from home, the monk decided to return to China by Sea. Departing from a port in Sri Lanka, he and his shipmates encountered stormy seas. Faxian's book about his travels is the earliest firsthand account of the sea route from India to China.]
Faxian at the ruins of Ashoka's Palace
Faxian remained in this country [Sri Lanka] for two years; and after repeated search he obtained a copy of the Disciplines according to the school of "The Faith Prevailing"; also copies of the long Agamas [Buddhist teachings on cosmogony [study of the origins of the universe], and of the miscellaneous Agamas on ecstatic contemplation, and subsequently of a collection of extracts from the Canon, all of which China was without. When he had obtained these in Sanskrit, he took passage on board a large merchant vessel, on which there were over two hundred souls, and astern of which there was a smaller vessel in tow, in case of accident at sea and destruction of the big vessel. Catching a fair wind, they sailed eastward for two days; then they encountered a heavy gale, and the vessel sprang a leak. The merchants wished to get aboard the smaller vessel; but the men on the latter, fearing that they would be swamped by numbers quickly cut the tow-rope in two. The merchants were terrified, for death was close at hand; and fearing that the vessel would fill, they promptly took what bulky goods there were and threw them into the sea. Faxian also took his pitcher and ewer, with whatever he could spare, and threw them into the sea; but he was afraid that the merchants would throw over his books and his images, and accordingly fixed his whole thoughts upon Guanyin, [the compassionate Bodhisattva], the Hearer Of Prayers, and put his life into the hand of the Catholic [Buddhist] church in China, saying, "I have journeyed far on behalf if the Faith. Oh that by your awful power you would grant me a safe return from my wanderings."
The gale blew on for thirteen days and nights, when they arrived alongside of an island, and then, at ebb-tide, they saw the place where the vessel leaked and forthwith stopped it up, after which they again proceeded on their way. This sea is infested with pirates, to meet whom is death. The expanse of ocean is boundless, east and west are not distinguishable; only by observation of the sun, moon, and constellations, is progress to be made. In cloudy and rainy weather, our vessel drifted at the mercy Of the wind, without keeping any definite course. In the darkness of night nothing was to be seen but the great waves beating upon one another and flashing forth light like fire, huge turtles, sea-lizards, and such-like monsters of the deep. Then the merchants lost heart, not knowing whither they were going, and the sea being deep, without bottom, they had no place where they could cast their stone-anchor and stop. When the sky had cleared, they were able to tell east from west and again to proceed on their proper course; but had they struck a hidden rock, there would have been no way of escape.
And so they went on for more than ninety days until they reached a country named Java, where heresies and Brahmanism were flourishing, while the Faith of Buddha was in a very unsatisfactory condition.
After having remained in this country for five months or so, Faxian again shipped on board another large merchant-vessel which also carried over two hundred persons. They took with them provisions for fifty days and set sail on the 16th day of the 4th moon, and Faxian went into retreat on board the vessel.
A north-east course was set in order to reach Canton [today's Guangzhou in China]; and over a month had elapsed when one night in the second watch (9—11 p.m.) they encountered a violent gale with tempestuous rain, at which the travelling merchants and traders who were going to their homes were much frightened. However, Faxian once more invoked the Hearer of Prayers and the Catholic [Buddhist] Church in China, and was accorded the protection of their awful power until day broke. As soon as it was light, the Brahmans took counsel together and said, "Having this Shaman [monk] on board has been our undoing, causing us to get into this trouble. We ought to land the religious mendicant on some island; it is not right to endanger all our lives for one man." A "religious protector" of Faxian's replied, saying, "If you put this religious mendicant ashore, you shall also land me with him; if not, you had better kill me, for supposing that you land him, when I reach China I will report you to the king who is a reverent believer in the Buddhist Faith and honours religious mendicants." At this the merchants wavered and did not dare to land him just then.
Meanwhile, the sky was constantly darkened and the captain lost his reckoning. So they went of for seventy days until the provisions and water were nearly exhausted, and they had to use seawater for cooking, dividing the fresh water so that each man got about two pints. When all was nearly consumed, the merchants consulted together and said, 'The ordinary time for the voyage to Canton is exactly fifty days. We have now exceeded that limit by many days; must we not have gone out of our course?"
Thereupon they proceeded in a northwesterly direction, seeking for land; and after twelve days and nights arrived south of the Lao mountain [on the Shandong Peninsula in China] at the boundary of the Prefecture of Changguang, where they obtained fresh water and vegetables.
And now, after having passed through much danger, difficulty, sorrow, and fear, suddenly reaching this shore and seeing the old familiar vegetables, they knew it was their fatherland..
Faxian spent six years in travelling from Changan [today's Xi'an, the ancient Chinese capital] to Central India; he stayed there six years, and it took him three more to reach Qingzhou. The countries he passed through amounted to rather fewer than thirty. From the Sandy Desert westwards all the way to India, the dignified deportment of the priesthood and the good influence of the Faith were beyond all expression in detail. As, however, the ecclesiastics at home had had no means of hearing about these things, Faxian had given no thought to his own unimportant life, but came home across the sea, encountering still more difficulties and dangers. Happily, he was accorded protection by the divine majesty of the Precious [Buddhist] Trinity, and was thus preserved in the hour of danger. Therefore he wrote down on bamboo tablets and silk an account of what he had been through, desiring that the gentle reader should share this information.
Identify the challenges of ancient sailors.
How does Faxian’s homeward voyage illustrate maritime connections between India, Southeast Asia, and China? as well as relationships between commerce and religion?