2.2a: The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where previously there had been competing states.

2.2b: Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based, in part, on the success of earlier political forms.

2.2c: Unique social and economic dimensions developed in imperial societies in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.

2.2d: The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta empires created political, cultural, and administrative difficulties that they could not manage, which eventually led to their decline, collapse, and transformation into successor empires or states.

3.1: A deepening and widening of networks of human interaction within and across regions contributed to cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and between various societies

3.2: State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in various regions

3.3: Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity, with important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes

1. Knowledge, science, and technology from Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds facilitated European innovation

2. New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration by European states

3. The global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets. 

4. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants.

5. The new connections resulted in the Columbian Exchange, creating drastic demographic changes across the world

6. The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices.

1. The demand for labor intensified w/ the increased demand for raw material & finished products; thus, peasant agriculture increased and changed in nature, plantations expanded, and the Atlantic slave trade developed & intensified

2. Imperial conquests and global economic expansion led to new political and economic elites

3. Existing political elites were confronted with new challenges to their ability to affect policies of increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders

4. The slave trade resulted in major gender and family restructuring 

1. Rulers continued to use and further develop PRESET methods to legitimize and consolidate their vast empires

2. Political, economic, and religious disputes led to conflicts between states

3. State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level

1. Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced.

2. Global Trade: New trade patterns further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials & markets.

3. Finance: Financiers developed and expanded financial institutions to facilitate investment.

4. There were major developments in transportation & communication.

5. Global Capitalism: The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses.

6. Social Change: The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant transformations.

1. Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires.

2. Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world.

3. Racism: New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and justified imperialism

1. The Enlightenment: The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded the revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.

2. Nationalism: Beginning in the eighteenth century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs and territory. These newly imagined national communities linked this identity with the borders of the state, while governments used this idea to unite diverse populations.

3. Revolutions: Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movements.

4. New Ideologies: The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities.

1. Migration Intro: Migration influenced by changes in demography in industrialized & unindustrialized societies challenges

2. Causes: Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons.

3. Responses to Migration: The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the 1800s, produced a variety of effects and reactions to the increasingly diverse societies.

1. Researchers made rapid advances in science that spread throughout the world, assisted by the development of new technology.

2. As the global population expanded at an unprecedented rate, humans fundamentally changed their relationship w/ the environment.

3. Disease, scientific innovations, and conflict led to demographic shifts.

1. Europe dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new forms of transregional political organization by the century’s end.

2. Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to the dissolution of empires and restructuring of states.

3. Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences.

4. Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale.

5. Although conflict dominated much of the twentieth century, many individuals and groups — including states — opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts.

1. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the twentieth century.

2. States, communities, & individuals became increasingly interdependent, process facilitated by the growth of institutions of global gov’t.

3. People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; some challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion, often using new technologies to spread reconfigured traditions

4. Popular and consumer culture became global

1. Researchers made rapid advances in science that spread throughout the world, assisted by the development of new technology.

2. As the global population expanded at an unprecedented rate, humans fundamentally changed their relationship w/ the environment.

3. Disease, scientific innovations, and conflict led to demographic shifts.

1. Europe dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new forms of transregional political organization by the century’s end.

2. Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to the dissolution of empires and restructuring of states.

3. Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences.

4. Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale.

5. Although conflict dominated much of the twentieth century, many individuals and groups — including states — opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts.

1. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the twentieth century.

2. States, communities, & individuals became increasingly interdependent, process facilitated by the growth of institutions of global gov’t.

3. People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; some challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion, often using new technologies to spread reconfigured traditions

4. Popular and consumer culture became global.