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Domestic pigeons belong to the family Columbidae within the Order Columbiformes and are commonly referred to as rock pigeons. The domestic pigeon was originally bred from the wild rock dove, which naturally inhabits sea cliffs and mountains.
Pigeons occur naturally in a wide range of colors, but domesticated pigeons have been selectively bred for specific traits over the centuries. For example, some breeds of pigeon exhibit different colors and patterns on their plumage while others are bred to be very large or have unique feather arrangements.
Pigeons have also been used in scientific research regarding animal intelligence as well as in competitions such as homing pigeon racing. While there are dozens of pigeon breeds, most of them fall into one of three main types: domestic fancy pigeon; utility pigeon; and racing pigeon. Their colors can vary widely, but common colors include blue, brown, red, and white.
Domestic fancy pigeons are extremely popular pets around the world with many breeders and owners participating in various competitions each year. These birds make great pets because they tend to be highly social, very affectionate towards humans (especially their owners), and they're relatively inexpensive to purchase and maintain as pets.
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Before the advent of sound recording and broadcast, pigeons were used to carry messages. Pigeons have been bred for meat called squab, for their droppings (which are rich in nitrogen) as fertilizer, for sport and racing purposes, as pets and because they are relatively easy to breed. Pigeons are considered a delicacy in European, Asian and North African cuisines.