Technical opinion article on
Environment/Ambiente/Meio ambiente
Future of the global mining industry, based on the efforts made in recent years to reduce the carbon footprint
Ángel R. P. Paulo G. C. y José Herrero N.
Recibido: 7-3-23; Aprobado: 30-3-23
Ángel Paulo
Ing°Min°, MSc, Universidad de Oriente (UDO). Correo-e: apauloudo@gmail.com
José Herrero
Ing°Geó°, MEng, UDO. Correo-e: joseherreron@hotmail.com
Mining companies have long contributed to the global carbon footprint. In the last five years, however, these companies have taken significant steps in reducing their negative environmental impact. This has been achieved through investments in renewable energy, energy efficiency and other technologies that reduce their emissions; strategies have been diverse, including acquisitions of companies with know-how, as well as support or investment in specific projects, alliances and various agreements with suppliers, customers, and intermediaries. This article examines the achievements of various mining corporations in reducing their carbon footprints and outlines some of the challenges they face.
The ideas expressed in this technical opinion article are the sole responsibility of the author(s). Neither Geominas nor Fundageominas nor Universidad de Oriente nor sponsors, necessarily share, what has been said.
The mining industry is one of the biggest contributors to global carbon emissions. The coal produced by the mining industry destined to generate electricity in thermoelectric plants constitutes the main source of CO2 emissions generated by anthropic activity.
In recent years, there has been a growing movement to reduce the carbon footprint of mining companies. This is due to the need to reduce the environmental impact generated by the industry, as well as to reduce production costs.
Image generated by Deep Dream Generator
Important successes in reducing the carbon footprint of mining companies have materialized in the last five years.
The last quinquennial have witnessed significant achievements in reducing the carbon footprint in the mining industry, including investments in renewable energy, energy efficiency and other technologies.
One of the most notable achievements has been the industry’s investment in renewable energy, such as solar and wind, in order to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels.
Sol do Cerrado Vale´s solar plant. 1.4 million solar panels. Image by Vale
[YouTube video] Fekola Solar Project in Mali – world’s largest off-grid PV-battery hybrid system in mining industry.
Figurative representation of an energy efficient mine, which makes use of technologies within the framework of mining 4.0 to achieve it. Image generated by Playground
In addition to investing in renewable energy sources, the mining industry has also made significant investments in energy efficiency. This includes investments in improved energy management systems, energy efficient equipment and machinery, and other energy saving technologies. These investments have made it possible to reduce the total energy consumption of mining operations, which has contributed to reducing its own carbon footprint.
Another significant achievement has been the development of technologies that capture and store carbon emissions. For example, investments are taking place in carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems, which capture carbon dioxide from mining operations and store it underground.
In the mining industry, significant investments have also been made in studies and development of new technologies that reduce their environmental impact, such as technologies that use residual heat from mining operations to generate electricity. This would help reduce the overall energy consumption of mining operations and contribute to reducing carbon emissions.
University of British Columbia researchers measuring the rate of carbon sequestration within processed kimberlite in 2019 at the Gahcho Kué diamond mine in the Northwest Territories. Image by De Beers Group obtained from Mining.com
Among the various actions and achievements that have been carried out by mining companies in the world, the following progress by some mining industry corporations stands out:
Anglo-American has put into operation, with liquefied natural gas (LNG), instead of the traditional maritime fuel, the first of 10 ships that, between 2023 and 2024, will become dual fuel ships, with which it is expected to reduce by 35% CO2 emissions.
It has also put into operation, in South Africa, the first mining truck powered by “green” hydrogen, and has already inaugurated the first “green” hydrogen generation plant, in Chile, all aimed at replacing carbon fuel in its operating units at mines that they own in the world.
Anglo-American together with Deep Science Ventures have launched Supercritical Solutions, which develops a technology that produces low-cost “green” hydrogen from electricity and heat under pressure.
Figurative representation of an underground mine that uses geothermal energy to power its machinery. Image generated by Playground
Ubuntu Harmony ship belonging to Anglo-American, which is the first to use dual fuel as part of the strategy to reduce CO2 emissions. Image obtained from Minería Chilena
Also, together with Deep Science Ventures, it has launched Mission Zero Technologies, which has a technology to obtain carbon from the air at a very low cost; at present, attempts are being made to scale this technology to the pilot plant level.
In Alta Floresta, Brazil, they have implemented a native forest recovery program.
Barrick, in Lumwana, Zambia, is conducting an eligibility study to protect forests and woodland around the Lumwana copper mine. The mine has already implemented initiatives to establish nurseries, horticulture and beekeeping, as well as a program to curb illegal logging and charcoal production, but Barrick goes beyond reforestation and is collaborating to protect biodiversity in different countries, such as: Mali, Papua New Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Dominican Republic, and USA.
In Nevada, Barrick has begun construction of a 200 MW solar power plant with which they will supply to Nevada Gold Mine, thereby reducing CO2 equivalent emissions by 254,000 tons per year, also, with the modification of the plant TS of natural gas will additionally reduce 526,000 tons of CO2 equivalent each year.
BHP has made investments with companies such as eCombustible and Verdagy in order to obtain “green” hydrogen for its operations in Chile, while in Australia, it has signed a 70 MW renewable energy base load contract with the company Neoen (renewable energy specialist combining solar, wind and storage power) to supply around 50% of the power requirements of the Olympic Dam mine, which is one of the world’s largest mines in supplying copper, gold, and uranium.
Goyder Renewables Zone, Neoen's hybrid project in South Australia. Image by Neoen avalaible in El periódico de la energía
Also in Australia, the oil company BP is working with BHP to supply biofuel for the extraction of iron ore in Australia.
BHP has partnered with Tata Steel to help each other achieve their respective carbon footprint reduction goals by exploring viable technologies to produce steel with the least amount of emissions.
It has also partnered with ArcelorMittal, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Engineering (MHIE), and Mitsubishi Development to collaborate together to achieve carbon capture in steelmaking, initially they will be testing a compact MHIE unit at ArcelorMittal steel mills in Belgium and the USA.
Fortescue Future Industries, a subsidiary of Fortescue Metal Group, is developing a “green” hydrogen production project in Porto do Pecém, Ceará, Brazil, which should come online by 2025, the initial investment for this is 6 billion US dollars, additionally, in Porto do Açu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a green hydrogen generation project with an electrolysis capacity of 300 MW, with the potential to produce 250,000 tons of “green” ammonia each year.
Fortescue has joined forces with Primetals Technologies, Mitsubishi Corporation, and Voestalpine to make zero-carbon iron based on hydrogen-fuelled electric furnaces.
Additionally, with the acquisition of Williams Advanced Engineering (WAE) by Fortescue, this mining company is firmly oriented towards the total decarbonization of its fleets around the world, in this, the association with Liebherr helps a lot.
Freeport-McMoRan, along with Rio Tinto, OZ Minerals, BHP, Newcrest Mining, Evolution Mining, and Vale, have joined a consortium organized by Austmine to accelerate BluVein™ technology to dynamically boost fleets mixed transportation while on the move without using fossil fuels; allows for smaller on-board battery packs, among other advantages.
Freeport-McMoRan, BHP, Newmont Corporation, Rio Tinto and Teck Resources Limited, have supported Caterpillar in the development of the first battery-electric 793 mining truck, which, with a slope in favor, can capture energy that would be dissipated as heat and regenerate it in the battery.
Glencore owns Kazzinc, which operates the Bujtarminskaya hydroelectric plant in Kazakhstan, contributing to the supply of renewable energy consumed by the company in that country, while in eastern Canada and the Democratic Republic of Congo, it has energy providers of low carbon hydroelectric.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Engineering’s compact CO2 capture system. Image by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
[YouTube video] Meet Caterpillar’s First Battery Electric Large Mining Truck.
On the other hand, Glencore has a subsidiary called Carbon Transport and Storage Company (CTSCo), which has technology to capture CO2 and store it; this technology would be available to its customers and other interested users.
Over the past decade, Glencore, at its Australian coal operations, has reduced greenhouse gas emissions by around 30 million tonnes of CO2e by flaring or generating electricity from methane gas captured from underground operations.
Newmont Mining has obtained international certification for sourcing 100% renewable energy in Yanacocha from the Cerro del Águila Hydroelectric Power Plant.
Rio Tinto has agreed to supply aluminum from its production in Canada, which will be obtained with hydroelectric power to supply the German vehicle manufacturer BMW.
Rio Tinto has been making investments to increase its clean energy generation. It is noteworthy that it currently has 34 MW of solar energy installed in Gudai-Darri, to which 100 MW will be added no later than 2026, as well as 200 MWh of on-grid battery storage in the Pilbara.
It has been estimated that this would reduce 300,000 t of CO2, which represents a 10% reduction (based on 2021) of scope 1 and 2 emissions from the mining business of this company in the Pilbara.
In Madagascar, Rio Tinto operates a mine producing ilmenite, zirsill (a mixture of zirconium and sillimanite), and monazite. For this mine, it has agreed with the African company CrossBoundary Energy to supply renewable energy (solar-wind) for 20 years, it should be noted that the energy company also supplies or will supply the Balama Graphite operation and the Molo Graphite mine, of Syrah Resources and NextSource Materials Inc., respectively.
On the other hand, Rio Tinto in conjunction with Metso Outotec and the University of Nottingham have been carrying out tests of what they call the BioIron™ Process through which it will be possible to manufacture low carbon iron. Small-scale trials have already been successful.
Teck Resources (Teck Metals/Elk Valley Resources) has invested in a number of initiatives to reduce its carbon footprint. These include investments and agreements to obtain energy from renewable sources, as well as investments in energy efficiency technologies, and carbon capture and storage systems.
Teck and Caterpillar have signed an agreement for Caterpillar to supply 30 zero-emission trucks, which Teck will deploy at its various operations around the world, beginning with those in Canada.
Teck has also signed agreements with the Oldendorff Carriers company for the maritime transport of part of its production by means of ecological bulk carriers with low energy consumption.
Teck has partnered with SAAM Towage to supply two ElectRA 2300 SX electric tugs, which Teck will put into operation this year at the Neptune Terminal in Vancouver, Canada, potentially eliminating more than 2,400 tons of emissions annual greenhouse gas emissions.
ElectRA 2300 SX tugs. Image by Teck Resources obtained from mining.com
This company, to power the Quebrada Blanca copper mine, has signed a renewable energy purchase agreement for 17 years with the energy provider AES Andes, S. A. The negotiation has been carried out for 1,100 GWh per year. 96% of the electricity consumed by Teck comes from renewable energy sources and zero carbon emissions.
In both Brazil and Indonesia, Vale is testing 100% electric 72-tonne mining trucks made in China by XCMG Mining Machinery; the goal is to invest US$4-6 billion in such machines to reduce around 9% of their Scope 1 and 2 CO2 emissions by 2050.
Additionally, Vale has already received 2 100% electric locomotives that have been tested in Brazil; it is important to know that Vale has 490 locomotives that are powered by Diesel engines, hence the success in the tests will lead to the replacement of the current fleet, in the coming years, and to another important reduction in the company’s emissions.
Vale has announced a breakthrough in the use of low-carbon fuels for shipping, with a design that has received an Approval in Principle (AIP) from the classification society DNV. The advancement consists of the incorporation of multiple fuel tanks adapted to store liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, and ammonia in the future. With this technology, Guaibamax category ships will reduce emissions between 40% and 80% when running on methanol and ammonia, and only 23% when using LNG.
It should be noted that Vale has already incorporated other energy efficient technologies such as rotor sails, and air lubrication.
In relation to the rotor sails, it has incorporated them since 2021, when the ship, category Guaibamax, called “Sea Zhoushan”, of 325 thousand tons, sailed with its 5 rotor sails of 24 meters in height and 4 meters in diameter, with what which can propel the ship when they rotate at different speeds, generating pressure differences. With these rotor sails, 3,400 t of CO2e/year are reduced for each ship.
Vale's Guaibamax category ship, 325,000 t, with 5 rotor sails. Image obtained from Portos e Navios
Native seedling nursery at Vale Nature Reserve. Image by Ricardo Teles
XCMG 72 t battery electric truck. Image obtained from International Mining
Second 100% electric locomotive received by Vale for testing in Brazil. Image obtained from International Mining
The company helps conserve and protect almost 1 million hectares in different parts of the planet. Since 1950, it has protected the 23,000-hectare Vale Nature Reserve; the work carried out in this reserve represents a solid asset to materialize the company’s goal of becoming carbon-neutral, while what is developed in this reserve also supports Vale’s actions to recover and protect 500,000 hectares by 2030; all these actions help natural carbon sequestration.
Aerial view of the Vale Nature Reserve. Image by Ricardo Teles
CODELCO, Boliden, BHP and Rio Tinto maintain an alliance with Komatsu to collaborate with each other towards the goal of starting up zero-emission mines.
Karora Resources and Mayfair Gold, have claimed carbon neutrality, the first in its two operations in Australia, and the other in its operation in Canada, both have done so by purchasing carbon offset credits.
Reducing the carbon footprint of the mining industry has numerous benefits for the different companies that make up the sector, and although the conversion of the industry, into one that is considered “green”, requires mega investments, it can be seen, nowadays, that greater operating efficiencies, greater profitability, greater reduction of environmental impacts, better “green” quality of its products, and a better reputation in the world opinion matrix will be obtained.
Despite the benefits indicated, the industry faces challenges like never before in history, since the pressure of the planet itself, that of organizations, and that of people based on science, to make the industry become “green”, is very high, and it is evident that the efforts to change have started late, and perhaps without total conviction.
Of course, there have been exceptions, and it is easy to identify them based on the achievements they already exhibit; additionally, there is the pressure, normally quite media and associated with political “ideologies”, which joins the irrational positions of fanatics, for whom the achievements do not exist and mining should be extinguished.
The industry is struggling to become “green”, while adopting temporary measures that could be defined as transition, in order to reduce carbon footprints, while investing, and contributing in multiple ways to the development of technologies with good prospects, but are not yet proven, or that are currently inapplicable due to their high costs, but they do show possibilities of becoming viable, some in the short term, others in the medium term, and some others in the longer term.
What is stated in the preceding paragraph shows that despite the optimism of the various mining corporations to meet goals already set in order to achieve net-zero in their various types of emissions, they may not materialize on time.
Now then, that in practice the proposed goals cannot materialize on time, in some cases, it is not cause for great concern, if for such dates proposed by each one of the corporations, important advances are made in the diverse routes that each one of them have defined.
So far, everything looks good prospects, it can be seen in many of the companies: commitment, effective investments in technological reconversions, willingness to promote third parties that have the possibility of providing solutions, defined strategies and steps taken in the direction of achieving objectives, in short, if you can have hope.
However, the conversion to “green mining” of 100% of the actors within the mining industry is not something that can be achieved by 2050, the most feasible thing is that only a good part of the largest corporations will achieve it, which is significant, since they are the ones that represent the highest emissions.
The conversion and adaptation of the existing small and medium-sized mining companies would take longer and, very possibly, the new small and medium-sized companies would be born or start new operations, already with cleaner technologies.
On the other hand, the fanatical approaches, and those intentional from a sector of world politics for the disappearance of the mining industry, would lead humanity to the times prior to those of Homo erectus, who up to now are accepted, in humanity’s knowledge, as the firsts to dig for mineral resources.
Homo erectus digging for flint. Image generated by Playground
It is important to note that people should not simply allow themselves to be led by opinion matrices generated by fanatics or political operators clearly interested in their own agendas, and who promote the extinction of mining. There are scientific realities and technical-scientific approaches that lead to solutions without extinction, neither the mining nor to the rest of the anthropic activities.
It is enough to observe everything that surrounds us, and investigate the origin of such things to verify how dependent we are on mining, additionally, the review of the technological knowledge that humanity possesses at this time will reveal that we do not have substitutes for the goods produced by mining.
Without mining, there would be no access to the wide range of minerals that underpin different aspects of modern society, from communication and transportation networks to consumer electronics and medical technologies.
It must be taken into account that we are around 8 billion people on the planet, it must also be taken into account, in the analysis carried out on the extinction of mining, that around 20% of the world economy depends on directly or indirectly from mining.
Additionally, at this point in human history, mining can drastically reduce air and water pollution by helping to remove toxic and hazardous materials from the environment.
Therefore, mining is not only necessary to provide the necessary resources for our daily lives, but it can also help improve the environment in the long term.
All the technology that the “mining-haters” use to attack the mining industry comes from mining: smartphones, laptops, tablets, cameras, the buildings in which they have their headquarters, the planes in which they travel, etc.
In a planet that is rapidly heading towards 10 billion people and in which efforts have been materializing to reduce poverty, and it is intended to bring it to zero by 2030, cannot think about bucolic scenarios in which the population lives from gathering like our Australopithecus ancestors.
More population without poverty, it only has possibilities through the use of technologies, and so far they are based on minerals.
Some of those who propose the extinction of mining, it seems that they have not made a complete analysis of what they propose, others have interests, very possibly, of political ideology, to produce the total destruction of the system regardless of the resulting impacts on the humanity.
The planet can continue to exist, and even in better conditions, without mining, but the enormous number of humans that inhabit us the planet cannot. Homo sapiens sapiens cannot, it would have to involute towards the Australopithecus.
Finally, it can be concluded that various actors within the mining industry have been making significant efforts in favor of reducing the carbon footprint; up to now, they have been based on materializing reductions by improving energy efficiency, increasing the use of renewable energy, reforestation and forest protection, as well as various forms of compensation for carbon emissions, and implementation of “green” technologies.
Additionally, they have been making various investments in the development and/or implementation of emerging technologies that lead, at various times, towards mining free of carbon emissions; These actions and investments are being made for subsidiaries to develop and market the new technologies that are required, or for third-party companies that are already suppliers, or not, or emerging companies in this new technological market, do them.
If these actions continue, and very possible increase in them as other players in the industry gradually become more aware of and commit to the problem, the future of mining will be increasingly positive for humanity, and less harmful for the planet.
Possibly, in the urgent deadlines that have been established, 100% of the goals will not be achieved, but progress will be made on the proposed route.
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Palabras clave/Keywords/Palabras-chave:
Aquecimento global, calentamiento global, cambio climático, climate change, ecosystem vitality, environmental health, Environmental Performance Index, global warming, Índice de Desempenho Ambiental, Indice de Desempeño Ambiental, Mudanças climáticas, salud ambiental, saúde ambiental, vitalidad del ecosistema, vitalidade do ecossistema.
Citar así/Cite like this/Citação assim: Paulo y Herrero (2023) o (Paulo y Herrero, 2023).
Referenciar así/Reference like this/Referência como esta:
Paulo G. C., A. R. P., Herrero N., J. (2023, abril). Future of the global mining industry, based on the efforts made in recent years to reduce the carbon footprint. Geominas 51(90). 53-64.