Child Development
Developmental Theories
Attachment Theory
Pioneers: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
Styles:
secure
insecure-avoidant
insecure-resistant
disorganized
Construction of Knowledge
Knowledge = Action
Relationship = knower + object
Manipulation of object
Construction of knowledge
Piaget
Theory of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Period (birth - 2 years)
6 substages
Preoperational Period (2 - 7 years)
Concrete Operational Period (7 - 11 years)
Formal Operational Period (11 - 15 years)
Emphasis on identity formation
Epigenetic principle ("upon emergence"): personality becomes increasingly differentiated & organized as it is shaped by the environment
Erikson
Psychosocial Theory
Basic Trust v. Basic Mistrust (birth - 1 year)
Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt (2 - 3 years)
Initiative v. Guilt (4 - 5 years)
Industry v. Inferiority (6 - puberty)
Identity & Repudiation v. Identity Diffusion (adolescence)
Intimacy & Solidarity v. Isolation (young adulthood)
Generatively v. Stagnation & Self-Absorption (middle adulthood)
Integrity v. Despair (late adulthood)
Vygotsky
Sociocultural Theory
Information Processing Theory
Bandura
Social Learning Theory
Brofenbrenner
Ecological Systems Theory
Views child development as a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, and customs.
Oedipus Complex: attachment to one parent while fostering envy and aggression toward the other (develops in Phallic Stage [3-5 years])
Oral stage (birth - 1 year)
Anal stage (1 - 3 years)
Phallic stage (3 - 5 years)
Period of Latency (5 years - beginning of puberty)
Genital stage (adolescence)
Freud
Psychoanalytic Theory
Id
innate desires and the main source of psychic energy
wants immediate satisfaction (pleasure principle)
primary process thought: wish fulfillment
Ego
developed because of the need for physical and psychological survival
secondary process thought: rational and intellectual thought
evaluates the situation, recalls the past, and predicts consequences
delay of energy distribution (reality principle)
mediator between immediate wants of Id and the reality of the environment
Superego
aires when children resolve "Oedipus complex" and develop identification with their parents
the person's conscience - feelings of guilt
rewards and punishes self
Early Childhood (0-3)
Cognitive Development
The development of children's ability to think and reason
Things to know and study:
Piaget's cognitive development theory (including the critics)
Object permanence
Sensory and pre-operational thoughts and experiences
Habituation
Understanding of adult intentions v. accidents
Reflexes
Social-Emotional Development
The development of children's understanding of who they are, what they feel, and relationships with others
Things to know and study:
Attachment theory and methods (including the critics)
Temperament (and its impacts)
Friendship and relationships
Development of self-awareness and self-regulation
Infant and toddlers sense of morality
Is it biological? or learned?
Physical Development
The overall growth and development of children's bodies, motor skills (gross and fine), muscle, and brain
Things to know and study:
Biological needs the months after birth
Timeline of gross motor development
Brain and sense development (some overlap with cognitive)
Language development
when they start communicating and what it sounds like
Is it intentional?
Cephalocaudal growth gradient v. Proximodistal growth gradient
APA Format (7th Edition)
Something we all have to do but aren't always sure how...
Below are some examples of a title page, reference page, and what each heading means. A link to the official APA-style website is embedded, PLEASE look at it for reference.
STUDENT Title Page example
This is the version you will use in class unless the professor asks for something different or gives another example
Heading Formats
Journal Article Reference example
This is an example of an academic article being referenced if you need to reference any other type of source, look at the APA website for examples
Think of Who (authors), When (date), What (title), and Where (journal, volume, issue, and doi link)
DOUBLE CHECK: is it all the same font? is it all double-spaced? is it indented?
HOW TO INDENT (on Google Docs):
Highlight reference(s)
Click "Format"
Click "Align and Indent"
Click "Indentation Options"
Under "Special Indent" click "Hanging", then apply
* if you need to type a number, type 0.5, then apply
APA Style Website link: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines