Child Development
Developmental Theories
Attachment Theory
Pioneers: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
Styles:
secure
insecure-avoidant
insecure-resistant
disorganized
Construction of Knowledge
Knowledge = Action
Relationship = knower + object
Manipulation of object
Construction of knowledge
Piaget
Theory of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Period (birth - 2 years)
6 substages
Preoperational Period (2 - 7 years)
Concrete Operational Period (7 - 11 years)
Formal Operational Period (11 - 15 years)
Emphasis on identity formation
Epigenetic principle ("upon emergence"): personality becomes increasingly differentiated & organized as it is shaped by the environment
Erikson
Psychosocial Theory
Basic Trust v. Basic Mistrust (birth - 1 year)
Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt (2 - 3 years)
Initiative v. Guilt (4 - 5 years)
Industry v. Inferiority (6 - puberty)
Identity & Repudiation v. Identity Diffusion (adolescence)
Intimacy & Solidarity v. Isolation (young adulthood)
Generatively v. Stagnation & Self-Absorption (middle adulthood)
Integrity v. Despair (late adulthood)
Vygotsky
Sociocultural Theory
Information Processing Theory
Bandura
Social Learning Theory
Brofenbrenner
Ecological Systems Theory
Views child development as a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, and customs.
Oedipus Complex: attachment to one parent while fostering envy and aggression toward the other (develops in Phallic Stage [3-5 years])
Oral stage (birth - 1 year)
Anal stage (1 - 3 years)
Phallic stage (3 - 5 years)
Period of Latency (5 years - beginning of puberty)
Genital stage (adolescence)
Freud
Psychoanalytic Theory
Id
innate desires and the main source of psychic energy
wants immediate satisfaction (pleasure principle)
primary process thought: wish fulfillment
Ego
developed because of the need for physical and psychological survival
secondary process thought: rational and intellectual thought
evaluates the situation, recalls the past, and predicts consequences
delay of energy distribution (reality principle)
mediator between immediate wants of Id and the reality of the environment
Superego
aires when children resolve "Oedipus complex" and develop identification with their parents
the person's conscience - feelings of guilt
rewards and punishes self