5. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Key Components of Computer Organization:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The CPU is the core of the computer, responsible for executing instructions. It comprises:

1. • • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) (গাণিতিক,যুক্তি): Performs mathematical calculations and logical operations.

     • Control Unit (CU): Directs the operation of the processor and coordinates the execution of instructions.

     • Registers: Small, fast storage locations within the CPU for temporary data and instructions.

2. Memory:

   • Main Memory (RAM): Volatile memory (অস্থায়ী মেমোরি) used for storing data and instructions that are actively being used by the CPU.

   • Cache Memory: A smaller, faster type of memory that stores frequently accessed data to speed up processing.

   • Secondary Storage (Rom): Non-volatile storage(স্থায়ী মেমোরি)  like Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid-State Drives (SSDs) for long-term data retention.

3. Input/Output (I/O) Devices:

   • Devices that allow communication between the computer and the external environment, including keyboards, mice, monitors, printers, and network interfaces.

4. Bus Systems:

Communication pathways that connect different components of the computer, facilitating data transfer. This includes:

4. • • Data Bus: Carries the actual data being transferred.

     • Address Bus: Carries information about where data should be sent or retrieved.

     • Control Bus: Carries control signals from the CPU to other components.