“The Supreme Guide To Learn How Cloning DNA Can Change the World” by Matheus B.

Imagine if scientists could clone animal DNA, it would be amazing. But wait, scientists actually can do this. The name of this process is DNA artificial replication or DNA cloning and it’s one of the most important genetic changes in human history. Cloning allows us to literally clone an animal and even grow the amount of animals in species. It also can help farmers during these solar heating times. But the most important point of cloning is the meaningful changes in the global fauna and flora. Firstly, we should know what DNA artificial replication is. As stated by Khan Academy, DNA cloning is the process of making multiple, identical copies of a particular piece of DNA. 

Not only knowing what it is, it's important. But also how can DNA artificial replication help humans? This is a very important thing to know about DNA artificial replication because, in the future, this can create more food for the society and even eradicate world hunger, which would be a great move for us not to be extinct. There are two main pros of cloning DNA: It can help prevent the extinction of species and  it can help increase the food production. Firstly, let’s talk about the most popular pro, the prevention of extinction of species. As said by BioExplorer.net. “As many organisms on the planet approach endangerment and extinction, cloning appears to be a possible solution to restore populations. By utilising the genetic material of already dead organisms, cloning can even expand gene pool diversity.” Also, the cloning of extinct animals/plants and their fully re-establishment to our fauna and/or flora would allow scientists to fully study the organism as a living thing and not just their remains and fossils. Food production is becoming less effective after global warming became a very meaningful change in our lives, so DNA cloning would help us to restore the effectiveness of our agriculture productions. During the cloning of plants, the organism which carries that gene should reproduce faster than other organisms doing it in the “natural way”. This would make the ozone layer more stable faster and help the growth of plants to be as easy as it was before humans destroyed more than a half of the world's flora. Another very important and different thing you should know is the advantages of DNA cloning in humans. But, even being different, there are some points that can change the same structure: the biodiversity structure. DNA cloning would help even same-gender couples to have an “own baby” instead of adopting one. As stated by JavaTPoint “Cloning would enable same-gender couples to conceive a baby who was genetically their own as compared to using semen or egg banks to produce an embryo that could have been carried to term. Except for the first fertilisation procedure to make the embryo, direct insertion of adult somatic cells in a woman wouldn't even need a male donor. The same would apply to men and the egg that needs to be fertilised”. Cloning DNA is a meaningful process for genetics. It can be the future of genetics, the future of farms and cattle breeders, and even the future of our world fauna and flora. As a grandson of farmers I should say: it’s very hard to sell and breed farm animals in order to make this your main way to earn money. But DNA cloning is here to help any farmers or cattle breeders to do this in an easy way. By reading the text by BioOrg, I could realise that one of the main problems in the farms is the needs of antibiotics, which are very expensive, to have healthy cattles. Although,with cloning, the use of antibiotics would decrease and, after that, the money a cattle breeder would pay for breeding would also decrease. Furthermore, cloning can accelerate the process of producing very productive cattle in order to produce more food and, along with this, more money. 

Knowing how cloning can affect humans it’s very important, but only this won’t change the human species. We still need to know how scientists replicate DNA. It’s so important that, without this, we would never be able to do all those things I said before. In a scientific way, the scientists replicate DNA by using the polymerase chain reaction or PCR, which is their method of choice for generating very fast the sufficient amount of identical genetic material for studies and analysis. Going deeper, PCR’s key element is heat and through the process the genetic material is subjected to repeated cycles of heating and cooling during which important chemical reactions happen. During this thermal situation, the acid segments called DNA primers attach themselves to DNA targets, which after becoming RNA, enable DNA polymerase to assemble copies of the target and produce them in large quantities. According to Nature/Scitable “PCR makes it possible to produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence in a test tube in just a few hours, even with a very small initial amount of DNA. Since its introduction, PCR has revolutionised molecular biology, and it has become an essential tool for biologists, physicians, and anyone else who works with DNA”.    We can’t only know how to clone DNA, but also how to isolate and sequence DNA. If we don’t learn about this, we will always fail in cloning and this would be our ruin after agriculture’s fall. Nucleic acid hybridization is a sensitive method for detecting specific genes or nucleotide sequences. By creating a stable hybrid helix under strict conditions, complementary strands can pair up. This reaction's high specificity allows single-stranded sequences to be labelled and used as probes to locate matching strands, even amidst diverse DNA and RNA in cells. Such probes are extensively employed to detect nucleic acids of particular genes, aiding in their purification, characterization, and localization within cells, tissues, and organisms. As stated by NIH “The nucleotide sequence of purified DNA fragments can be determined rapidly and simply by using highly automated techniques based on the dideoxy method for sequencing DNA. This technique has made it possible to determine the complete DNA sequences of tens of thousands of genes and to completely sequence the genomes of many organisms. Comparison of the genome sequences of different organisms allows us to trace the evolutionary relationships among genes and organisms, and it has proved valuable for discovering new genes and predicting their function”. These techniques and the others I said before make possible the sequencing and isolating of genetic materials and they are the base for a well made cloned DNA. Cloning animals is a very important move for our resistance at the top of the food chain. It can help us to stop buying more oxes and just clone them until we have enough of them, which would help us to decrease the meat price and help the minorities in our giant world with a lot of poverty. By reading the text made by National Geographic, I realised that there are two main ways to clone DNA. The first one is called embryo twinning, which is the process in which scientists divide an embryo in two and place the two halves in a mother uterus. Each part of the embryo develops into a unique animal and the two animals have the same gene. The second one is called somatic cell nuclear transfer. Somatic cells are all the cells that “build” an organism, but that are not sperms or egg cells. Sperms and egg cells contain only one set of chromosomes, but the somatic cells contain two full sets of chromosomes. Scientists transfer the DNA from an animal somatic cell into an egg cell where its nucleus and its DNA had been removed. The egg develops into an embryo that contains the same genes as the cell donor. And finally the embryo is implanted into an adult female’s uterus to grow. Because of these methods, humans could clone a lot of animals, from miserable bacterias, to sheep and even dogs.

Dolly the sheep was the most known successful case of DNA replication. It was a small step to humanity's lives but a great step to cloning animals' history. As said by NMS, Dolly the sheep, born in 1996, is by far the most known cloned animal in the history of cloning, but she wasn’t the first cloned animal and not even the first cloned sheep. So why is she so important? Dolly is very important because it was the first ever mammal cloned from an adult cell. Before she was born, scientists thought that this was an impossible thing. They believed that specialised adult cells, those who have a job (like skin cells or liver cells), only had the information to do that job. Dolly was grown by a single mammary cell which had the information to create a whole new sheep. Although she died 7 years after her birth, Dolly will be forever known as the first mammal cloned from an adult cell and will always be the most important animal for genetics engineers. Dolly was cloned perfectly, but it wasn’t as easy as growing a plant. It took whole months and lots and lots of attempts, more specifically 277, to make Dolly the first ever successful cloned animal in the history of DNA replication. But, why did they replicate it? The main reason that the scientists cloned Dolly and other large animals was connected to their research about producing medicines in the milk of these animals. Researchers have managed to transfer human genes that produced useful proteins into sheeps and cows, so that they could produce the blood clotting factor IX to treat haemophilia or alpha-1-antitrypsin to treat cystic fibrosis and other lung conditions. As said by Understanding- Animal Research.“Cloned animals could also be developed that would produce human antibodies against infectious diseases and even cancers. ‘Foreign’ genes have been transplanted into zebrafish, which are widely used in laboratories, and embryos cloned from these fish express the foreign protein. If this technique can be applied to mammalian cells and the cells cultured to produce cloned animals, these could then breed conventionally to form flocks of genetically engineered animals all producing medicines in their milk.” There were although more 21 species cloned than the sheep. And I will talk about some canines that were as important as Dolly in the history of animal cloning. As said by NIH, the first canine was cloned in 2005 and it was the 15th animal to be cloned in the whole history. Unlike other species, canine cloning is very difficult until today, due to the lack of vitro oocyte maturation methods (when a female’s eggs are collected and matured outside the body) and other reproductive complexities. Today, there are reported more than 1000 dogs cloned over the last decade. These successful results are due to a combination of factors, such as the establishment of the techniques I said before. Nowadays, approximately 20% of recognized dog breeds have been cloned.

DNA cloning is not only a significant change for humans, but also for the whole global biodiversity. It can save whole species, help same sex couples have a baby, make agriculture productions more efficient and even restore our ozone layer. It’s the main faith for next year's genetic engineers and for the future farmers. I really believe that humans should start trying to make the process of cloning animals more efficient. It can save the whole world from a near extinction which, in the way things are going, should probably happen in the next century. We should clone animals not only for these reasons but also for producing new medicines for humans. To produce medicines, scientists use animals that are as identical as possible, and the objective of cloning is exactly this. Monkeys could help the improvement of the production of these medicines. Using the example of Dolly, sheeps are one of the best and easiest animals to be cloned. As stated by AMNH “There's no sheep shortage, but scientists are able to create sheep whose milk contains medicine. If scientists can then clone these special sheep, it may be possible to produce more medicine at a faster rate”. And a big advice to the most powerful people in the world, why instead of destroying our world, don’t we try to invest in DNA cloning and finally do something that could save all of us?.