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CHEMISTRY/WATER/MACROMOLECULES
1. Type of chemical bond responsible for forming the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, or the peptide bonds in a protein.
2. Type of chemical bond responsible for many of the properties of water or holding DNA bases together in the double helix.
3. Polar or nonpolar? Water, steroid, cholesterol, peripheral protein, sugar, phospholipid.
4. Explain why the structure of a protein is so important in terms of function. What could disrupt the structure of a protein?
ENZYMES/METABOLISM
5. What type of macromolecule are enzymes made of?
6. Why is the shape of the active so important? What is something that could disrupt it?
7. What is allosteric inhibition of an enzyme?
8. Explain how negative feedback inhibition works.
CELLS/MEMBRANES
9. List 3 things found in plant cells only.
10. List 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
11. Explain how phospholipid molecules contribute to the structure of the cell membrane.
12. What role does cholesterol play in the plasma membrane?
13. Give 2 examples of integral and peripheral membrane proteins.
14. Give the function of each of the following organelles in 4 words or less.
Then circle the organelle found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Then describe what makes this organelle different from the rest.
Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, ribosome, ER, Golgi
15. What will be the direction of water movement if a cell is placed in the following environments?
hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
16. Where does glycolysis occur?
17. Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes or both do glycolysis?
18. Why does the mitochondria make so much more ATP than glycolysis?
19. Is oxidative phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic? Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes or both do this?
20. What role does chemiosmosis play in aerobic respiration?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
21. Where does the CO2 used in photosynthesis come form?
22. What is the purpose of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
23. What is the purpose of the dark reactions in photosynthesis?
24. Where does gas exchange occur in plants?
25. Describe 2 adaptation plants might have to minimize water loss in dry climates yet maintain active photosynthesis.
CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS
26. What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle? What happens in each stage?
27. What are the stages of mitosis? What is a defining feature of each stage?
28. How is cytokinesis different in animal versus plant cells?
29. Name two reasons cells divide by mitosis?
30. What is one way the cell cycle is controlled?
31. Why is cell cycle control important?
MEIOSIS
32. What is the point of meiosis?
33. Which division of meiosis separates homologous pairs
34. When does crossing over occur?
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
35. In squash, a single gene locus determines the color of the fruit. The allele for yellow color (Q) is dominant over the allele for white color (q). What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for the results of each of the following crosses?
a. QQ x qq
b. Qq x qq
c. Qq x Qq
36. A brown-eyed man whose father was brown-eyed and whose mother was blue-eyed, married a blue-eyed woman whose father and mother were both brown-eyed. The couple has a blue-eyed son. If brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes, for which of the individuals do you know the genotypes for sure? What are they? What genotypes are possible for the others?
37. The litter resulting from the mating of two short-tailed cats contains three kittens without tails, two kittens with long tails, and six kittens with short tails. What is the simplest explanation for these results? Show the genotypes.
38. In peas, the allele for tall (T) is dominant over the allele for short (t). At another locus on another chromosome, the allele for smooth peas (S) is dominant over the allele for wrinkled (s).
Calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for this cross: Ttss x ttss.
For the following cross TtSs x TtSs, what is the probability of:
i. A homozygous dominant (TTSS) offspring?
ii. A heterozygous (TtSs) offspring?
iii. An offspring that is TTSs?
MOLECULAR GENETICS
39. Which enzyme unwinds the DNA?
40. Which enzyme is responsible for adding new bases?
41. In DNA replication what is the problem on the lagging strand?
42. Describe 3 different kinds of possible mutations.
43. How are transcription and translation different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
44. Why are eukaryotic mRNAs shorter than the genes that code for them?
45. Describe 3 possible outcomes, with respect to amino acid sequence, following a single base pair substitution in a gene.
46. What are 2 ways gene regulation differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION
47. What are two lines of evidence that would support the relatedness of 2 species?
48. What is stabilizing versus directional versus disruptive selection?
49. Give 2 sources of genetic variation.
50. In the hardy Weinberg equation what does each term represent? p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
51. What do p and q represent?
52. What should you solve for first and why?
53. What are 2 lines of evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory for mitochondria and chloroplasts?
ECOLOGY
54. Give 2 examples of density-dependent factors that limit population growth.
55. Give 2 examples of density-independent factors that limit population growth.
56. Explain why exponential growth in a population is never sustained.
57. Explain what it would mean for 2 organisms if they were involved in an obligate mutualistic relationship.
58. In every single ecosystem ever, which type of organism forms the base of the food chain?
59. Explain trophic structure of an ecosystem in terms of primary productivity, stored energy, biomass, producers,
consumers, autotrophs, heterotrophs, and energy flow.
60. What role do decomposers play in the environment? What 2 kinds of organisms are decomposers?
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