Contents

-Population

-Life expectancy

-Maternal mortality ratio

-Neonatal mortality rate

-Infant mortality rate

-Under 5 mortality rate

-Premature mortality rate (70 years old and below)

-Top 10 causes of mortality and morbidity and statistics - World and Phillippines

-Data from WHO World Health Statistics Report of 1998

-Health equity

-Sustainable Development Goals

-Plans to promote healthy status of at least the local community

World Population

7.5 billion (as of April 2017)

7 billion (2011)

Forecast:

8 billion by 2023

10 billion by 2057

Population in the world is currently (2017) growing at a rate of around 1.11% per year (down from 1.13% in 2016). The current average population change is estimated at around 80 million per year.

Annual growth rate reached its peak in the late 1960s, when it was at 2% and above. The rate of increase has therefore almost halved since its peak of 2.19 percent, which was reached in 1963.

The annual growth rate is currently declining and is projected to continue to decline in the coming years. Currently, it is estimated that it will become less than 1% by 2020 and less than 0.5% by 2050.

ASEAN Population

Founded in 1967, ASEAN encompasses Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam

Approximately 646 million people, 8.6% of the world's population.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy

PHILIPPINES - 2015 (WHO Data)

Rank worldwide - No. 124

Rank in ASEAN - No. 8

Overall - 68.5 years

Female - 72

Male - 65.3

Maternal Mortality

Maternal mortality is widely acknowledged as a general indicator of the overall health of a population, of the status of women in society, and of the functioning of the health system. High maternal mortality ratios are thus markers of wider problems of health status, gender inequalities, and health services in a country.

Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births)

Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. To facilitate the identification of maternal deaths in circumstances in which cause of death attribution is inadequate, a new category has been introduced: Pregnancy-related death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the cause of death.

Live birth refers to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, which, after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life - e.g. beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord or definite movement of voluntary muscles - whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached. Each product of such a birth is considered live born.

World

2015 - 216 / 100,000 live births

Between 2016 and 2030, as part of the Sustainable Development Goals, the target is to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100 000 live births.

ASEAN

2015

Philippines

2015 - 114 / 100,000 live births

Rank No. 6 in ASEAN

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT

Neonatal Mortality Rate

The number of neonatal deaths per 1000 live births

A neonatal death is defined as a death during the first 28 days of life (0-27 days).

The NMR is a key outcome indicator for newborn care and directly reflects prenatal, intrapartum, and neona­tal care.

The NMR differs from the perinatal mortality rate in that it focuses only on deaths among live births and covers a longer period af­ter birth. Early neonatal deaths are more closely associated with pregnancy-related fac­tors and maternal health, whereas late neonatal deaths are associated more with factors in the newborn‘s envi­ronment.

World

2015 - 19 / 1,000 live births

ASEAN - 2015

Philippines

2015 - 13 / 1,000 live births - Ranked No. 6 in ASEAN

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.NMRT

Infant Mortality Rate

The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths (under one year old) in a given year that occur for every 1,000 live births.

This rate is often used as an indicator to measure the health and well-being of a nation, because factors affecting the health of entire populations can also impact the mortality rate of infants.

World

2015 - 32 / 1,000 live births

http://www.who.int/gho/child_health/mortality/neonatal_infant_text/en/

ASEAN - 2015

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN

Philippines

2015 -

Infant mortality rate: total: 22 deaths/1,000 live births (Ranked No. 6 in ASEAN)

In 2013, although the infant mortality rate slightly increased, the number of registered infant deaths slightly decreased by more than one percent, from last year’s 22,254 cases to 21,992 cases. It comprised of 4.1 percent of the total deaths (531,280) reported during the year. This represented a daily average of 60 infant deaths and was equivalent to an Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) of 12.5 deaths per thousand live births. The top three leading causes of infant mortality were Pneumonia (3,146; 14.3%); Bacterial sepsis of newborn (2,731; 12.4%); and Respiratory distress of newborn (2,347; 10.7%). The listed top ten leading causes of infant mortality in 2013 were the same with what was recorded in 2012 which only differ in ranks.

Under-five mortality rate:

Probability of dying between birth and exactly 5 years of age, expressed per 1,000 live births.

World

2015 - 43 / 1000 Live Births

ASEAN

2015

Philippines

2015 - 28 / 1,000 Live Births

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT

Premature Death - dying before age 70

World

2015 - 30 millions

Target: 2016 - 2030 - Avoid 40% of all premature deaths in each country

Global life expectancy is now (2010) about 70 years. We have defined premature death somewhat arbitrarily as death before age 70 years, but considered mortality in the three age ranges 0–4, 5–49, and 50–69 years largely separately.

In the Philippines, more than five people die for every one thousand population in 2013. This is equivalent to 531,280 registered deaths from all causes and all ages.

Of these deaths, 57 percent or 304,516 were males and 43 percent or 226,764 were females. For every 100 female deaths, there correspond 134 male deaths and which constituted to a death sex ratio of 1.34. It is consistent that numbers of male deaths are greater than female deaths. Consequently, males always have higher death rate than females.

Reports also showed that the highest occurrences of deaths were among the elderly persons, 70 years and over. It comprised more than 38 percent of total deaths with 202,564 cases.

However, death occurrence was least among age group 10-14 years with 0.9 percent.

Deaths among under 1 year old is more than twice (21,992 or 4.1%).

The number of deaths in ages 1-4 years (9,526 or 1.8%)

The number of deaths increase as the people gets older. Statistics show that the risk of dying is directly proportional to age, starting with age 10 and up.

http://www.doh.gov.ph/mortality

Eight out of the ten leading causes of deaths were male dominated. Female deaths were only higher than male deaths in Malignant Neoplasms and Diabetes Mellitus cases. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in number of fatalities from Accidents between male and female. From the total 40,071 deaths from Accidents, 77.9 percent or 31,218 cases were male and only 22.1 percent or 8,853 were female. This means that men were almost four times more likely to die from Accidents than women. Nonetheless, the same killer diseases were identified as the ten leading causes of death for separate groups of male and female, which differed only in ranks when tabulated by sex.

Leading causes of global deaths

2015

1. Ischaemic Heart Disease

2. Stroke

3. Lower Respiratory Infections

4. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

5. Trachea, Bronchus, Lung Cancers

6. Diabetes Mellitus

7. Alzheimers Diseases and other Dementias

8. Diarrhea

9. Tuberculosis

10. Road Injury

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en

By Economic Income Groups

1. Lower Respiratory Infections

2. Diarrheal Diseases

3. Stroke

4. Ischaemic Heart Disease

5. HIV/AIDS

6. Tuberculosis

7.Malaria

8. Preterm birth complications

9. Birth asphyxia and birth trauma

10. Road Injury

1. Ischaemic Heart Disease

2. Stroke

3. Lower Respiratory Infections

4. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

5. Tuberculosis

6. Diarrheal Diseases

7. Diabetes Mellitus

8. Preterm birth complications

9. Cirrhosis of the Liver

10. Road Injury

1. Ischaemic Heart Disease

2. Stroke

3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

4. Trachea, Bronchus, Lung Cancers

5. Lower Respiratory Infections

6. Diabetes Mellitus

7. Alzheimers Diseases and other Dementias

8. Road Injury

9. Liver Cancers

10. Stomach Cancers

1. Ischaemic Heart Disease

2. Stroke

3. Alzheimers Diseases and other Dementias

4. Trachea, Bronchus, Lung Cancers

5. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

6. Lower Respiratory Infections

7. Colon and Rectal Cancers

8. Diabetes Mellitus

9. Kidney Diseases

10. Breast Cancers

2012

1. Ischaemic Heart Disease (7.4 million deaths; 13.2% of all deaths)

2. Stroke (6.7 million deaths; 11.9% of all deaths)

3. COPD (3.15 million deaths; 5.6% of all deaths)

4. Lower Respiratory Infections (3.1 million deaths; 5.5% of all deaths)

5. Lung, Tracheal, & Bronchial Cancers (1.6 million deaths; 2.9% of all deaths)

6. HIV & AIDS (1.5 million deaths; 2.7% of all deaths)

7. Diarrhea (1.5 million deaths; 2.7% of all deaths)

8. Diabetes (1.5 million deaths; 2.7% of all deaths)

9. Vehicular Accidents (1.3 million deaths; 2.2% of all deaths)

10. Hypertensive Heart Disease (1.1 million deaths; 2% of all deaths)

WHO Projection Studies - Causes of Mortality - 2015 to 2030

Philippines

Mortality

Out of 514,745 deaths registered in 2013, more than 81 percent (433,375) were attributed to the top ten leading causes of death for the year. Deaths from all other causes comprised less than 20 percent of total deaths or 97,905 cases. More than one in every five deaths was caused by Diseases of the Heart making it the number one leading cause of death. Diseases of the Heart remained to be the first with 118,740 deaths. It recorded a 22.3 percent share from total deaths.

Diseases of the Heart had been consistently the number one cause of death for several years now. The 2013 number of deaths from this condition is 6,159 deaths (5.4%) higher than what was reported in 2012 which had 112,581 deaths. This year’s number of deaths from Diseases of the heart comprised 22.3 percent of total deaths. More males than females die from this cause. Out of 118,740 cases reported, 66,612 or 56 percent were males and 52,128 or 44 percent were females. Thus, the death sex ratio for Diseases of the Heart was 1.28 or 129 males in every 100 females.

The next three diseases in the list which remained in their respective rankings for the past four years already were, Diseases of the Vascular System (68,325; 12.9%), Malignant Neoplasm (53,601; 10.1%) and Pneumonia (53,101; 10.0%).

Philippines

Morbidity

http://www.doh.gov.ph/morbidity

The “World Health Statistics 2016” provides a comprehensive overview of the latest annual data in relation to the health-related targets in the SDGs, illustrating the scale of the challenge. Every year:

• 303 000 women die due to complications of pregnancy and childbirth;

• 5.9 million children die before their fifth birthday;

• 2 million people are newly infected with HIV, and there are 9.6 million new TB cases and 214 million malaria cases;

• 1.7 billion people need treatment for neglected tropical diseases;

• more than 10 million people die before the age of 70 due to cardiovascular diseases and cancer;

• 800 000 people commit suicide;

• 1.25 million people die from road traffic injuries;

• 4.3 million people die due to air pollution caused by cooking fuels;

• 3 million people die due to outdoor pollution; and

• 475 000 people are murdered, 80% of them men.

See also Health Status of World vs Philippines

Data from WHO World Health Statistics Report of 1998

Age structure of deaths

• • In 1955, 40% of all deaths were among children under 5 years, 10% were in 5-19 year-olds, 28% were among adults aged 20-64, and 21% were among the over-65s.

  • In 1995, only 21% of all deaths were among the under-5s, 7% among those 5-19, 29% among those 20-64, and 43% among the over-65s.

  • By 2025, 8% of all deaths will be in the under-5s, 3% among 5-19 year-olds, 27% among 20-64 year-olds and 63% among the over-65s.

Health of infants and small children

Spectacular progress in reducing under 5 mortality achieved in the last few decades is projected to continue. There were about 10 million such deaths in 1997 compared to 21 million in 1955.

• • The infant mortality rate per 1000 live births was 148 in 1955; 59 in 1995; and is projected to be 29 in 2025. The under-5 mortality rates per 1000 live births for the same years are 210, 78 and 37 respectively.

  • By 2025 there will still be 5 million deaths among children under five - 97% of them in the developing world, and most of them due to infectious diseases such as pneumonia and diarrhoea, combined with malnutrition.

  • There are still 24 million low-birthweight babies born every year. They are more likely to die early, and those who survive may suffer illness, stunted growth or even problems into adult life.

  • In 1995, 27% (168 million) of all children under 5 were underweight. Mortality rates are 5 times higher among severely underweight children than those of normal weight.

  • About 50% of deaths among children under 5 are associated with malnutrition.

  • At least two million a year of the under-five deaths could be prevented by existing vaccines. Most of the rest are preventable by other means.

Health of older children and adolescents

• • One of the biggest 21st century hazards to children will be the continuing spread of HIV/AIDS. In 1997, 590 000 children age under 15 became infected with HIV. The disease could reverse some of the major gains in child health in the last 50 years.

  • The transition from childhood to adulthood will be marked for many in the coming years by such potentially deadly "rites of passage" as violence, delinquency, drugs, alcohol, motor accidents and sexual hazards such as HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Those growing up in poor urban areas are more likelly to be most at risk.

  • The number of young women aged 15-19 will increase from 251 million in 1995 to 307 million in 2025.

  • In 1995, young women aged 15-19 gave birth to 17 million babies. Because of population increase, that number is expected to drop only to 16 million in 2025. Pregnancy and childbirth in adolescence pose higher risks for both mother and child.

Health of adults

• • Infectious diseases will still dominate in developing countries. As the economies of these countries grow, non-communicable diseases will become more prevalent. This will be due largely to the adoption of "western" lifestyles and their accompanying risk factors - smoking, high-fat diet, obesity and lack of exercise.

  • In developed countries, non-communicable diseases will remain dominant. Heart disease and stroke have declined as causes of death in recent decades, while death rates from some cancers have risen.

  • About 1.8 million adults died of AIDS in 1997 and the annual death toll is likely to continue to rise for some years.

  • Diabetes cases in adults will more than double globally from 143 million in 1997 to 300 million by 2025 largely because of dietary and other lifestyle factors.

  • Cancer will remain one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Only one-third of all cancers can be cured by earlier detection combined with effective treatment.

  • By 2025 the risk of cancer will continue to increase in developing countries, with stable if not declining rates in industrialized countries.

  • Cases and deaths of lung cancer and colorectal cancer will increase, largely due to smoking and unhealthy diet respectively. Lung cancer deaths among women will rise in virtually all industrialized countries, but stomach cancer will become less common generally, mainly because of improved food conservation, dietary changes and declining related infection.

  • Cervical cancer is expected to decrease further in industrialized countries due to screening. The incidence is almost four times greater in the developing world. The possible advent of a vaccine would greatly benefit both the developed and developing countries.

  • Liver cancer will decrease because of the results of current and future immunization against the hepatitis B virus in many countries.

  • In general, more than 15 million adults aged 20-64 are dying every year. Most of these deaths are premature and preventable.

  • Among the premature deaths are those of 585 000 young women who die each year in pregnancy or childbirth. Most of these deaths are preventable. Where women have many pregnancies the risk of related death over the course of a lifetime is compounded. While the risk in Europe is just one in 1 400, in Asia it is one in 65, and in Africa, one in 16.

Health of older people

• • Cancer and heart disease are more related to the 70-75 age group than any other; people over 75 become more prone to impairments of hearing, vision, mobility and mental function.

  • Over 80% of circulatory disease deaths occur in people over 65. Worldwide, circulatory disease is the leading cause of death and disability in people over 65 years.

  • Data from France and the United States show breast cancer on average deprives women of at least 10 years of life expectancy, while prostate cancer reduces male average life expectancy by only one year.

  • The risk of developing dementia rises steeply with age in people over 60 years. Women are more likely to suffer than men because of their greater longevity.

Health Equity / Inequity

Health equity refers to the study and causes of differences in the quality of health and healthcare across different populations.^[1]

Health equity is different from health equality, as it refers only to the absence of disparities in controllable or remediable aspects of health. It is not possible to work towards complete equality in health, as there are some factors of health that are beyond human influence.^[2]

Inequity implies some kind of social injustice. Thus, if one population dies younger than another because of genetic differences, a non-remediable/controllable factor, we tend to say that there is a health inequality.

On the other hand, if a population has a lower life expectancy due to lack of access to medications, the situation would be classified as a health inequity.^[3]

These inequities may include differences in the "presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to health care"^[4] between populations with a different race, ethnicity, sexual orientation or socioeconomic status.^[5]

Health equity falls into two major categories: horizontal equity, the equal treatment of individuals or groups in the same circumstances; and vertical equity, the principle that individuals who are unequal should be treated differently according to their level of need.^[6]

Disparities in the quality of health across populations are well-documented globally in both developed and developing nations.

The importance of equitable access to healthcare has been cited as crucial to achieving many of the Sustainable Development Goals.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_equity

Sustainable Development Goals

Plans to promote healthy status of at least the local community

Study History of Medicine.

Target life expectancy - average 70 years.

Control the frequency of premature death (less than 70).

Control neonatal and infant mortality rate.

Control maternal mortality ratio.

Control health inequity.

Support the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

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