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Q Urine osmolality usually varies between:

• 1. 10 & 200 mOsm/L

  2. 50 & 500 mOsm/L

1. 50 & 1200 mOsm/L

   1. 100 & 1000 mOsm/L

   2. 100 & 1500 mOsm/L

Q Elevated ascorbic acid levels in the urine may lead to false negative results on a urine dipstick test for which of the following?

1. Glucose

   1. Hemoglobin

   2. Myoglobin

   3. Red blood cells

   4. Leukocytes

Q Hematuria is distinguished from hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria by:

• 1. dipstick test

  2. the simultaneous presence of significant leukocytes

1. microscopic presence of erythrocytes

   1. examination of serum

   2. evaluation of hematocrit

Q The presence of one positive dipstick reading for hematuria is associated with significant urologic pathologic findings on subsequent testing in what percentage of patients?

• 1. 2%

  2. 10%

1. 25%

   1. 50%

   2. 75%

Q The most common cause of glomerular hematuria is:

• 1. transitional cell carcinoma

  2. nephritic syndrome

1. Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)

   1. poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

   2. Goodpasture's syndrome

Q The most common cause of proteinuria is:

• 1. Fanconi's syndrome

1. Excessive glomerular permeability due to primary glomerular disease

   1. failure of adequate tubular reabsorption

   2. overflow proteinuria due to increased plasma concentration of immunoglobulins

   3. diabetes

Q Transient proteinuria may be due to all of the following EXCEPT:

• 1. exercise

  2. fever

  3. emotional stress

  4. congestive heart failure

1. ureteroscopy