EXAMINATION OF SPINAL ABNORMALITIES

HISTORY:

• • Age-

  • Sex-

  • Trauma-

  • Pain-

  • Deformity-

  • Stiffness of the back-

  • Other symptoms-

  • Family history-

General Survey

LOCAL EXAMINATION

• • INSPECTION-

    • Attitude & deformity-

    • Gait-

    • Swelling-

    • Paraplegia-

  • PALPATION-

    • Tenderness-

    • Swelling-

    • Wasting & rigidity-

  • PERCUSSION-

  • MOVEMENTS-

    • Movements of the cervical spine-

    • Mobility of the costovertebral joints-

    • Movements of dorsal & lumbar spine (Rigidity of the Spine)-

      • Flexion-

      • Extension-

      • Lateral flexion-

      • Rotations-

  • MEASUREMENT-

  • STRAIGHT-LEG RAISING TEST-

  • FEMORAL NERVE STRETCH TEST-

  • NAFFZIGER'S TEST-

  • LHERMITTE'S SIGN-

SACRO-ILIAC JOINT

• • INSPECTION-

  • PALPATION-

  • MOVEMENTS-

    • GENSLEN'S TEST-

    • GILLIE'S TEST-

    • PUMP-HANDLE TEST-

      • STRAIGHT-LEG RAISING TEST-

      • PASSIVE STRAIGHT-LEG RAISING TEST-

  • Measurement-

  • Rectal or vaginal examination-