UNDERSTANDING ATHEISM - THE DENIAL OF GOD
Posted by Clive Fernandez in the Group “Catholic Christianity”. https://www.facebook.com/groups/2419255661497957
The different philosophical arguments presented to “prove” the existence of God do not, by themselves, produce faith in (the revealed) God. Taken alone, they only show that such a faith is reasonable. There are several reasons why a person, despite these proofs, might not come to have faith in the God of revelation.
First of all, these arguments, while they show that God exists and lead a person to consider philosophically some of his characteristics (his goodness, intelligence, etc.), do not tell us who the personal being is to whom one directs the act of faith.
Second, faith is a free response of man to God who reveals himself and not a necessary philosophical deduction; despite proofs, a person may withhold the assent of faith.
Third, it is primarily God and not the person himself who is the cause of faith. God reveals himself gratuitously and with his grace moves man's heart to adhere to him.
Fourth, we need to recognize that sin has obscured man's mind and wrapped it in darkness, making difficult the recognition of God's existence and a response of faith to his Word (cf. CCC 37). For all these reasons, particularly the last, it is always possible for a person to deny God.
Atheism takes on two forms.
The theoretical form tries positively to deny the existence of God on the basis of reason.
The practical form, on the other hand, effectively denies God by living as if he did not exist. To profess positive, theoretical atheism as a consequence of a rational analysis based on empirical science is contradictory, because God, as a spiritual being, is not the object of experimental scientific knowledge.
It is possible to deny the existence of God on the basis of philosophical reasoning, but only when one begins with a preconceived view of reality, as happens with materialism and other ideologies.
That such philosophical positions lack a sound basis can always be shown with the help of metaphysics and a theory of knowledge that is based on reality.
Positive atheism often results from the notion that to accept God implies a limitation on man: if God exists, then we are not free and we do not enjoy full autonomy here on earth. This way of looking at things fails to consider that a creature's freedom and autonomy flow from that creature's dependence on God. In fact, the truth is just the opposite.
As history has shown, particularly in our times, when one denies God one ends up denying man and his transcendent dignity as well. Others deny God because they think that religion, especially Christianity, is the fruit of ignorance and superstition and that it represents an obstacle to human progress.
We can respond to this objection on historical grounds, for it is possible to show the positive influence of Christian revelation on the concept of the human person and human rights, and also on the origin and progress of science.
The Catholic Church in fact has always considered ignorance (rightly) as an obstacle to the true faith. In general, those who deny God to affirm the perfection and the progress of humanity do so in order to defend a this-worldly view of historical progress that denies man's fulfillment in the world to come.
The ends they propose are a political utopia or a purely material well-being incapable of fully satisfying the deeper desires of the human heart.
Among the causes of atheism, especially practical atheism, we must also include the bad example of believers, who “to the extent that they neglect their own training in the faith, or teach erroneous doctrine, or are deficient in their religious, moral or social life … must be said to conceal rather then to reveal the authentic face of God and religion.”
On the other hand, beginning with Vatican II the Church has always pointed to the testimony of Christians as the principal factor in carrying out the “new evangelization.”
MOTIVES FOR ATHEISM
David Carlin
Not all atheists are the same, and not all atheists are atheistic for the same reason. But given the rise in unbelief among us, it’s useful to examine some of those reasons. So here is a list – in no particular order and doubtless incomplete – of some currently notable motives for atheism. Note, too, that an individual may simultaneously have more than one of these motives.
1 - UNSUCCESSFUL SEARCH.
Some atheists honestly claim that they have examined many of the arguments for the existence of God that have been offered and have found them unconvincing.
2 - INTELLECTUAL LAZINESS.
Others dishonestly mimic the foregoing. They claim to have examined the arguments for God’s existence and found them wanting. But they are lying. These people are intellectually lazy. They have done little or no examination of the many arguments. But they are embarrassed to admit that. So they tell themselves and others that their atheism has been honestly arrived at.
3 - EXTREME EMPIRICISM.
Some people, holding an epistemology that doesn’t admit the possibility of knowledge not solidly grounded on sense experience, conclude that it’s no more possible to prove the existence of God than to prove the existence of elves and fairies.
4 - THE PROBLEM OF EVIL.
Many find it impossible to reconcile the immense amount of pain and suffering found in the world with the idea that the world is the creation of a supreme being who is all-knowing, all-powerful, and all-good.
5 - INDIGNATION AT EVIL DONE BY CHRISTIANS.
Some atheists are ever-mindful of the crimes committed by Christians over the last 2,000 years – a long history of anti-Semitism culminating in the Holocaust, the Crusades, the Spanish Inquisition, the Index of Prohibited Books, the trial of Galileo, the execution of witches, the Catholic-Protestant wars of religion, and (to bring us up to date) the sexual molestation of minors by Catholic priests. Atheists of this kind inflict a kind of retroactive justice on these wicked Christians by refusing to believe in God.
6 - HATRED OF CHRISTIANITY.
Rather similar to the atheists just described, but not precisely the same, are atheists who hate Christianity even apart from the many crimes committed by Christians. These atheists (Nietzsche was a good example) hate Christianity in its very essence. And so they deny the existence of God. For if God doesn’t exist, Christianity has no foundation.
7 - A HARD LIFE.
Nietzsche held that the best human life is not, as Englishmen and economists believed, a life of ease, comfort, and pleasure. No, the best life is the “strenuous life.” This name, of course, didn’t come from Nietzsche, but from Theodore Roosevelt. But the two men had a shared contempt for a life of ease. They preferred a life of struggle, challenges, the overcoming obstacles. Nietzsche saw Christianity as a religion of weaklings who loved nothing so much as pleasure (even though they rarely had much of it in this life), and who dreamed that in Heaven they would live lives of unlimited comfort.
8 - A DIFFICULT WORLD.
A world without God is more dangerous and difficult than a world looked over and – in the last analysis – safeguarded by God. But a dangerous and difficult world is (from Nietzsche’s point of view) a better world. Therefore, God does not exist.
9 - THE INDIVIDUAL AS ABSOLUTE.
If God exists, I am not the highest and most important thing in existence. Therefore, God does not exist.
10 - HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY.
Some atheists (Marxists especially) hold that belief in God tends to reduce a sense of human responsibility. If God exists, let him take care of the world; we can relax. But if there is no God, then the responsibility falls clearly on our shoulders to make this an ever-better world. Therefore, we must do away with belief in God.
11 - IDOLS.
Some people have a “religious” devotion to a person (e.g., Hitler, Stalin, Mao), or a political party (Communist or Nazi), or to a social cause (feminism, LGBTQ-ism) that is so totally absorbing that they have no psychological room left for belief in God. So they deny the existence of God.
12 - PEACE OF MIND.
The most famous atheist of the ancient world was Epicurus; his strongest argument for atheism was that it brings peace of mind. The atheist is superstition-free. Confident that there are no powers beyond the world of nature, he doesn’t have to fear that he will be punished by dark and invisible powers for his sins (or virtues) either in this life or the next. Nowadays, of course, when much popular religion holds that God is a nice guy who wouldn’t hurt a fly, most people probably feel little need for the comfort that Epicurean atheism would give. But if your upbringing involved a more or less Calvinistic God, even today you might find it comforting to believe that God doesn’t exist and that you don’t have to face the possibility of spending eternity in Hell.
13 - CONSPICUOUS NONCONFORMITY.
Some persons embrace atheism for the same reason that others get tattooed – they want to be “different.” This is especially the case with adolescents. But this motive sometimes manifests itself in persons who are, at least chronologically speaking, adults. On closer examination, it turns out that such adults have retained, even into their fifties and beyond, an adolescent desire to shock the neighbors. Of course, just as tattoos lose their shock value as more and more people get them, so atheism loses much of its shock value in a society where many people are atheists (i.e., American society today).
14 - LIBERTINISM.
Many people are atheists because atheism, they feel, makes it easier to live a life of sexual freedom. If there is no God, there is no moral law regarding sex – or so they reason.
15 - HATRED OF GOD.
Some people simply hate God, and they punish him by denying his existence.
Clive Fernandes: As I say, not a complete list but perhaps some help in understanding and responding to the many varieties of unbelief in people we now encounter every day.