The Long Nineteenth Century 

What were the features of national and liberal revolutions in the Atlantic world and how widespread was their impact by 1914?

How did the energy shift to fossil fuels accelerate the creation of a “modern” world?

What was the short-term and longer-term impact of the Industrial Revolution and how did these differ for different groups and communities?

What demographic, economic, political, and intellectual factors help explain the long nineteenth centuries’ global movement to end legalized slavery and reform the way people worked?

This era is sometimes introduced as the birth of “modernity” and an era of “revolutions.” What made this era distinctive or different from previous eras? In what ways did the era continue trends or patterns that we saw in previous eras? What explains the changes and continuities in this era?