Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life

Essential Questions:

What is the role of the six common elements in living organisms?
How does the structure of the four organic molecules aid in their function?
Why is homeostasis important in the regulation of living organisms?
What is the role of each the digestive organs in the breakdown of each of the four organic molecules?

Content Objectives:

Identify and explain the three subatomic particles and their structure within an atom.
Explain how compounds differ from their component elements.
Describe the two major types of chemical bonds.
Explain the properties of water.
Explain how water's polarity affects the way water interacts with other substances.
Explain why buffers are important to the survival of an organism.
Identify the elements that carbon bonds with to make up life's molecules.
Explain the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules.
Explain what happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions.
Investigate how energy changes affect whether a chemical reaction will occur.
Explain the role enzymes play in living things and what affects their function.

Language Objectives:

Standards Addressed:

HS-LS1-2. Develop and use a model to illustrate the key functions of animal body systems, including (a) food digestion, nutrient uptake, and transport through the body; (b) exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; (c) removal of wastes; and (d) regulation of body processes.
HS-LS1-3. Provide evidence that homeostasis maintains internal body conditions through both body-wide feedback mechanisms and small-scale cellular processes.
HS-LS1-6. Construct an explanation based on evidence that organic molecules are primarily composed of six elements, where carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms may combine with nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus to form monomers that can further combine to form large carbon-based macromolecules.
HS-ESS2-2. Analyze geoscience data to make the claim that one change to Earth’s hydrosphere can create feedbacks that cause changes to other Earth systems.
HS-ESS2-5. Describe how the chemical and physical properties of water are important in mechanical and chemical mechanisms that affect Earth materials and surface processes.
HS-ESS2-6. Use a model to describe cycling of carbon through the ocean, atmosphere, soil, and biosphere and how increases in carbon dioxide concentrations due to human activity have resulted in atmospheric and climate changes.
HS-PS1-4. Develop a model to illustrate the energy transferred during an exothermic or endothermic chemical reaction based on the bond energy difference between bonds broken (absorption of energy) and bonds formed (release of energy).
HS-PS1-9(MA). Relate the strength of an aqueous acidic or basic solution to the extent of an acid or base reacting with water as measured by the hydronium ion concentration (pH) of the solution. Make arguments about the relative strengths of two acids or bases with similar structure and composition.
HS-PS2-6. Communicate scientific and technical information about the molecular-level structures of polymers, ionic compounds, acids and bases, and metals to justify why these are useful in the functioning of designed materials.*
HS-PS2-7(MA). Construct a model to explain how ions dissolve in polar solvents (particularly water). Analyze and compare solubility and conductivity data to determine the extent to which different ionic species dissolve.

Assignment #1: Reading

Read Chapter 2 and take notes.

2.1: The Nature of Matter

Atoms
Elements and Isotopes
Chemical Compounds
Chemical Bonds

2.2: Properties of Water

The Water Molecule
Solutions and Suspensions
Acids, Bases and pH

2.3: Carbon Compounds

The Chemistry of Carbon
Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acids
- Proteins

2.4: Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Chemical Reactions
Energy in Reactions
Enzymes

Answer the questions to the right and attach to google Classroom.

** Review the study guide portion of the text (Sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4)

*** Complete the Key Terms and Questions section of the book to prepare for your test.

**** Define the key terms!

What is an atom?
Why are atoms important to know about?
Describe the major subatomic particles that make up an atom.
What is an element?
Explain why isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties.
What is an isotope?
Identify and describe the two types of chemical bonding.
How are ionic and covalent bonds alike? How are they different?
A calcium atom tends to lose two electrons to become a calcium ion, while a chloride atom tends to gain one electron to become a chloride ion. Given this information, write out the chemical formula for the compound calcium chloride. (Use subscript!)
Identify and Describe the properties of water. (As you read, you will have to revisit this question.)
What does it mean when a molecule is said to be "polar"?
How are cohesion and adhesion similar? How are they different?
Why is water such a good solvent?
In a cup of tea, what is the solvent? What is the solute? Explain why.
What is a buffer? Why is it useful to cells?
Discuss how the properties of water help Earth support life. ** At least two ideas need to be discussed here.
What properties of carbon explain carbon's ability to form different large and complex structures?
What are the four major categories of macromolecules? Describe the basic structures and the primary functions of each.
Look at Figure 2-22. How does the energy of the reactants and products differ between an energy-absorbing (Endothermic) reaction and an energy-releasing (Exothermic) reaction?
What changes occurs to chemical bonds during a chemical reaction?
How does the change in energy of a chemical reaction predict whether or not the reaction will occur?
Explain the role of enzymes and how they affect the chemical reactions of living things.
Explain why a key that fits into a lock is a useful model for the function of enzymes.
Explain how consuming an acid-neutralizing antacid might affect protein digestion. Apply the concept of activation energy to support your explanation.

Vocabulary:

2.1: Atom, Nucleus, Electron, Element, Isotope, Compound, Ionic Bond, Ion, Covalent Bond, Molecule, van der Waals forces

2.2: Hydrogen bond, Cohesion, Adhesion, Mixture, Solution, Solute, Solvent, Suspension, pH scale, Acid, Base, Buffer

2.3: Monomer, Polymer, Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleotide, Nucleic acid, Protein, Amino Acid

2.4: Chemical Reaction, Reactants, Products, Activation Energy, Catalyst, Enzyme, Substrate

Assignment #2: Lecture and Activities

Step 1: Review the provided presentation Chemistry of Life (below).

** When you scroll over the presentation open the speaker notes. Make this full screen! You will be able to see the slide and the speaker notes!

Step 2: Complete Activities

Identifying macromolecules and Atomic Model Activity (Right of presentation!)

Chemistry of Life Lecture

Identifying Macromolecules Activity:

Create a macromolecules foldable, for each molecule type you will create the following foldable books.

How to make a foldable book:

1. Stack two sheets of paper so that the back sheet is one inch higher than the front sheet.

2. Bring the bottom of both sheets upward and align the edges so that all of the layers or tabs are the same distance apart.

3. When all tabs are an equal distance apart, fold the papers creasing them well.

4. Open the papers and glue them together along the center fold, or staple them from the outside.

Page Specifics:

On the cover of the book you will be writing the name of the particular Organic Macromolecule that will be the contents of that book. Ex: “PROTEINS”
On the bottom of the next page you write the heading: “DIAGRAM” and proceed to draw a diagram of a typical molecule from that category.
On the next page you will give it the heading of: “FUNCTION” and proceed to write the basic function(s) of that particular category of molecule.
On the last page titled “EXAMPLES” you will write a list of at least 3 examples of molecules that fall into that category.

Atomic Model Activity:

Using materials around you (where you are currently), to create a model of an atom. Take a picture of your model. In a google drawing, label the model. Answer the following questions:
1. How is the model similar to how atoms look?
2. What are the limitations to this model?

Assignment #3: Cabbage Lab

Step 1: Complete the pre-lab questions and make predictions weather each solution will be acidic or basic

** List of substances tested will be provided 24 hours prior to the experiment.

Step 2: Complete the lab during class (1 class period)

Alternative if absent from class: Watch the video (below) and complete the lab.

Step 3: Complete post lab questions.

Cabbage Lab

Assignment #4: Macromolecules in Fries Lab

Step 1: Complete pre-lab questions and write 8 hypotheses.

Step 2: Completed the assigned group work for the lab (1 class period, 10 minutes from day 2 of Lab for Lipid Test)

** Each small group will be completing one of the tests. There will be time during class to record all results from the lab (exception is the lipid test, which will be recorded the following day).

*** The lab write up will include information about all the test. Be sure to know and ask questions about each of the test during lab time.

Step 3: Complete Post Lab Questions

**** This lab cannot be made up.

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