Chapter 14: RNA and Protein Synthesis

Essential Questions:

What is the structure and function of DNA?
What is the purpose of DNA replication?
What cell structures contribute to the production of proteins?
How does the structure of proteins relate to its function within the cell?
How can mutations affect the function of a protein?
What cells must be affected in order to pass a mutation on to their offspring?

Content Objectives:

Describe how RNA differs from DNA.
Explain how the cell makes RNA.
Explain how the genetic code works.
Describe the role of the ribosomes in assembling proteins.
Understand how molecular biology relates to genetics.
Explain how prokaryotic genes are regulated.
Describe how genes are regulated in eukaryotic cells.
Identify what controls the development of cells and tissues in multicellular organisms.
Describe how mutations change genetic information.
Explain how mutations affect genes.

Language Objectives:

Standards Addressed:

HS-LS1-1. Construct a model of transcription and translation to explain the roles of DNA and RNA that code for proteins that regulate and carry out essential functions of life.
HS-LS3-1. Develop and use a model to show how DNA in the form of chromosomes is passed from parents to offspring through the processes of meiosis and fertilization in sexual reproduction.
HS-LS3-2. Make and defend a claim based on evidence that genetic variations (alleles) may result from (a) new genetic combinations via the processes of crossing over and random segregation of chromosomes during meiosis, (b) mutations that occur during replication, and/or (c) mutations caused by environmental factors. Recognize that mutations that occur in gametes can be passed to offspring.
HS-LS3-3. Apply concepts of probability to represent possible genotype and phenotype combinations in offspring caused by different types of Mendelian inheritance patterns.

Assignment #1: Reading

Read Chapter 14 and take notes.

14.1: RNA

The Role of RNA
RNA Synthesis

14.2: Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

The Genetic Code
Translation
Molecular Genetics

14.3: Gene Regulation and Expression

Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Genetic Control of Development

14.4: Mutations

Types of Mutations
Effects of Mutations

How are RNA and DNA similar? How do they differ?
What is the role of RNA in the production of proteins?
List the three main types of RNA and their functions.
How is the information in DNA passed to a molecule of mRNA? Describe this process.
Why are regions called promoters essential to RNA transcription?
Why is it important for a single gene to be able to produce hundreds or thousands of the same RNA molecules?
How does the cell interpret the genetic code?
Explain how to read the Figure 14.5, using the genetic code.
How do the three types of RNA work together at a ribosome to synthesize a polypeptide?
How do ribosomes use mRNA and tRNA to assemble proteins?
How are proteins and genes related?
What controls transcription in prokaryotes?
What are the three mechanisms by which transcription factors regulate eukaryotic gene expression?
Why are master control genes almost universal and common to different organisms?
Describe the ways mutations can affect DNA and chromosomes.
What are the possible ways that a mutation may affect organisms?

Vocabulary:

14.1: RNA, Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA, Transcription, RNA Polymerase, Promoter, Intron, Exon

14.2: Polypeptide, Genetic Code, Codon, Translation, Anticodon

14.3: Operon, Operator, Differentiation, Homeotic Gene, Homeobox Gene, Hox Gene

14.4: Mutation, Point Mutation, Frameshift Mutation, Mutagen, Polyploidy

Answer the questions to the right and attach to google Classroom.

** Review the study guide portion of the text (Sections 14.1, 14.2, 14.3 and 14.4)

*** Complete the Key Terms and Questions section of the book to prepare for your test.

**** Define the key terms!

Assignment #2: Lecture

Step 1: Review the provided presentation about RNA and protein synthesis.

** When you scroll over the presentation open the speaker notes. Make this full screen! You will be able to see the slide and the speaker notes!

Step 2: Create a model or diagram of transcription and translation. Include a description of the steps and locations. Important enzymes should be included in your diagram.

Chapter 14: RNA and Protein Synthesis

Assignment #3: RNA and DNA model or DNA Origami

Complete on of the options below:

Option #1: Complete the physical model using the materials provided by Ms. Burnett. (Take pictures of your model throughout the process of construction)

Option #2: Complete the DNA origami provided in the folder to the right.

Step 2: Complete the questions for the activity you choose. (Option 1 = is below, option 22 = in folder).

***Be sure to take pictures of your progress to include in your worksheet.

DNA and RNA Model Questions:

Assignment #4: Sentence Translation

***This activity is to be completed in two class periods! This means no homework for this activity!

Step 1: In small groups (2 to 3 people), obtain your DNA sentence from Ms. Burnett.

Step 2: Complete the translation and transcription of the sentence using the provided worksheet as a group.

*Each of you will provide your own answers to the questions.

Step 3: After you have successfully transcribed and translated your sentence, check with Ms. Burnett.

** If your sentence is correct, you will swap sentences with another group. During this translation, everyone should be working individually. You may check each other's sentences translation at the end.

Step 4: Turn in your worksheet to google classroom.

Protein Synthesis and Words procedure (no mutation)