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impression management are broad motivational variables potentially implicated in women’s experiences of objectification and cosmetic surgery, we included them as covariates in our analyses. Our specific hypotheses are as follows: H1: Sexual objectification, self-surveillance, and body shame should positively correlate with intrapersonal motives, social motives, and consideration of cosmetic surgery. H2: Self-surveillance, but not sexual objectification or body shame, should positively predict intrapersonal motives for cosmetic surgery, and this relationship should remain significant after controlling for impression management and global self-esteem. H3: Sexual objectification and body shame, but not selfsurveillance, should positively predict social motives for cosmetic surgery, and these relationships should remain significant after controlling for impression management and global self-esteem. H4: Sexual objectification, self-surveillance, and body shame should positively predict consideration of Sex Roles cosmetic surgery in the future, and these relationships should remain significant after controlling for impression management and global self-esteem. Method Participants and Procedure A total of 100 college women attending a southeastern British university received psychology course credit for their participation. The mean age was 23.37 years (SD= 6.35), ranging from 18 to 49, with 86% of the women below the age of 30. The ethnic composition of the sample was 79% White, 9% Black African, 7% Asian, and 5% Other/Mixed Race. Participants were predominantly British (78%) and there was little variability in the reported sexual orientation of participants: 91% heterosexual, 6% bisexual, 1% homosexual, and 4% unspecified. A female experimenter announced the study at the end of a psychology lecture. After reading a brief description of the research, consenting participants completed the self-report measures described below in counterbalanced order, and provided demographic information (i.e., age, ethnicity, sexual orientation) before returning the packet of measures in a sealable envelope. The experimenter provided a full debriefing immediately following completion of the study. Measure Impression Management The Impression Management (IM) subscale of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (Paulhus 1991) was used to measure the tendency to control how one appears to others, with a focus on presenting oneself in a socially desirable way. Participants rated 20 items on a scale from 1 (not true) to 7 (very true), such as “I have done things that I don’t tell other people about.” In the present study, the items were summed to create scale scores (α=.75), using a continuous scoring method (e.g., Pauls and Crost 2004). Scores ranged from 20 to 140, with higher scores indicating a greater tendency to engage in impression management. Previous research on the IM subscale has shown stable 5-week test-retest reliability and internal reliability, with alphas ranging from .75 to .86 (Paulhus 1991), and good convergent and discriminant validity (Lanyon and Carle 2007; Paulhus 1991). Global Self-esteem The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE; Rosenberg 1965) was used to measure trait-based global self-esteem. Participants rated items, such as ‘On the whole, I am satisfied with myself,’ on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree), with higher scores indicating higher global self-esteem. In the present study, items were averaged to create scale scores (10 items, α=.85). Previous research has shown that the RSE has high internal reliability, with alphas ranging from .72 to .88, and good convergent and discriminant validity (Blascovich and Tomaka 1991; Wylie 1989). Interpersonal Sexual Objectification The Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale (ISOS; Kozee et al. 2007) was used to measure the extent to which women have experienced interpersonal forms of sexual objectification (i.e., body evaluation and unwanted explicit sexual advances) throughout their lifetime. Participants rated 15 items on a scale from 1 (never) to 5 (almost always), such as “How often have you noticed someone staring at your breasts when you are talking to them?” In the present study, items were averaged to create scale scores (α = .94). Scores ranged from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating more frequent experiences of interpersonal sexual objectification. Previous research on the ISOS has shown stable 3- week test-retest reliability and internal reliability, with alphas ranging from .91 to .95, and good convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity (Kozee et al. 2007). Self-surveillance The Surveillance subscale of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (McKinley and Hyde 1996) was used to measure the degree to which individuals habitually monitor their bodies from an external observational standpoint, thus focusing more on how their bodies look than on how their bodies feel. Participants were asked to rate 8 items from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), such as “During the day, I think about how I look many times.” In the present study, items were averaged to create scale scores. Scores ranged from 1 to 7, with higher scores indicating more frequent monitoring and thinking about how one looks (α=.83). Previous research on this subscale has demonstrated stable 2-week test-retest
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