Embedded Files
Nevertheless, dissatisfaction with body image will result in some consequences such as anxiety, social isolation, psychological disorders, and lowered self-esteem and self-concept (Zamani & Fazilatpour, 2013). It seems that satisfaction with body image among young people requires Heidarzadeh, A., et al. (2019). Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Psychological Problems. JPCP, 7(1), 33-42. Highlights ● Self-esteem, body image, and psychological problems were higher in applicants of cosmetic surgery. ● No significant differences between applicant and non-applicant with regard to self-esteem, body image, and psychological problems. Plain Language Summary This study was done to compare body image, self-esteem, and psychological problems between applicants and non-applicants of cosmetic surgery. We found that there is no difference in body image, self-esteem and psychological problems between the two groups. People who have less self-confidence have more chance of undergoing cosmetic surgery. H 35 January 2019, Volume 7, Number 1 Heidarzadeh, A., et al. (2019). Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Psychological Problems. JPCP, 7(1), 33-42. satisfaction with five body factors: fitness and beautiful appearance, physical health, cleanness, healthy and beautiful skin, and ability to control weight (Khanjani et al., 2012; Pasha, Naaderi, & Akbari, 2008). Several studies assessed the effects of cosmetic surgery on human life and they all reported that after several years of follow-up, cosmetic surgery led to the improvement of body image and self-esteem (Zamani & Fazilatpour, 2013). In addition, obese people were more interested in performing liposuction and they had lower body image than others (Frederick, Lever & Peplau, 2007). According to Sarwer study, the participants reported better body image after cosmetic surgery (Sarwer et al., 2010). In a study on rhinoplasty applicants, the participants with a low self-confidence but more interest in social interaction were more inclined to perform cosmetic surgeries (Baniasadi, 2012). In a study by Dowling et al. (2013), findings revealed high rates of postoperative satisfaction and significant improvements in overall dimensions of body image and mental health (anxiety, depression, and dysmorphic concerns), except for self-esteem (Dowling et al., 2013). Klassen, Jenkinson, Fitzpatrick and Goodacre (1996). in their study reported that all the patients demonstrated statistically significant improvements in their quality of life and self-esteem; however, only breast reduction patients reported significant improvements in their mental health after cosmetic surgery (Klassen et al., 1996). Previous studies indicate that cosmetic surgery can contribute to psychological changes such as satisfaction with body image and self-esteem that might persuade the individuals toward cosmetic surgeries. However, the results of the studies were different and controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to compare body image, self-esteem and psychological problems between applicants and non-applicants for cosmetic surgery in Rafsanjan City, Iran. 2. Methods This was a cross-sectional study to compare body image, self-confidence, and psychological problems between applicants and non-applicants of cosmetic surgeries in the two hospitals of Rafsanjan City, Iran. The following formula was used to calculate the sample size. A total of 200 individuals were chosen to participate in the study by purposive sampling method that 100 of them were applicants for cosmetic surgery and 100 were non-applicants. n= (z1-a 2 +z1-β )2(δ2 1 + δ2 1 ) (µ1 -µ2 ) 2 A four-part questionnaire was used to collect the data, including 1. Demographic characteristics; 2. Body image; 3. Self-confidence; and 4. Psychological problems. Demographic characteristics of the questionnaire included items related to personal characteristics of the participants such as age, gender, marital status, job, monthly income, type of surgery, date of surgery, and post-operation satisfaction. Multidimensional body-self relations questionnaire was designed by Rosenberg in 1965. It contains 46 items and 6 subscales, including 1. Evaluation of apparent status (7 items); 2. Tendency to appearance (12 items); 3. Evaluation of fitness (3 items); 4. Tendency to fitness (13 items); 5. Preoccupation with overweight or mental weight (2 items); and 6. Satisfaction with body areas (9 items). The scale score varies from 46 to 230. Kkeli and Argyrides (2013) studied the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The internal consistencies of the subscales ranged from 0.76 to 0.86. The test-retest reliabilities ranged from 0.75 to 0.93. Also in Iran, Hosseini et al. (2010) studied the validity and reliability of the questionnaire and found its internal consistency coefficients from 0.80 to 0.92 for its different subscales Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire was designed by Rosenberg in 1965 in order to evaluate self-esteem. It has ten items with a 4-point Likert scale scoring (from “completely agree” to “completely disagree”). In this scale, five items (2, 5, 6, 8, and 9) were inversely scored and its total score ranges from 10 to 40. Higher scores indicate higher self-esteem. Piyavhatkul et al. (2011) studied the validity and reliability of the questionnaire and its Cronbach α for the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (Thai version) was 0.849. Also, the Pearson
Google Sites
Report abuse