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According to the literature, postoperative discomfort may last several days. The patient must wear a surgical bra for about 2 weeks and avoid strenuous exercise for 4 – 6 weeks [10]. Most complications of this procedure are related to the prosthetic device, and increase over the lifetime of the product. The most common is capsular contracture, a tightening or hardening of the scar tissue surrounding the implant, which may cause the breast to feel hard and painful [10]. Other common complications include implant rupture, leaking, and the need for additional surgery. Postoperative bleeding and hematoma formation, reactions to anesthesia, loss of nipple sensation, and scarring are other complications of surgery. In about 1% of patients, infection develops around the implant. The medical risks of breast implants increase in the years following surgery. Although little research has been done, it is possible that problems associated with macromastia such as back pain may also occur among women with large breast implants [11]. Breast implants typically last approximately 10 years. The likelihood of capsular contracture and other complications requiring surgery also increase over time, so that an adolescent who undergoes breast augmentation may require repeated surgeries, with the associated risks, throughout her lifetime [12]. In several studies, breast augmentation surgery was found to increase the likelihood of insufficient lactation when a woman tried to breastfeed. Studies consistently indicate that breast implants interfere with mammography, causing a failure to detect approximately 55% of cancerous breast tumors. This is approximately twice the rate of women without implants [13]. Mammography procedures also increase the likelihood of implant rupture and leakage [14]. Liposuction The two medical societies differ somewhat in their estimates of liposuction procedures performed on adolescents, based on surveys of their members. ASPS and ASAPS estimates of liposuction performed from 2004 –2006 vary between 3000 and 6000 per year for adolescents under 18 –19 [1,9]. Liposuction is a procedure in which localized deposits of fat are removed to recontour one or more areas. Through a tiny incision, a narrow tube or cannula is inserted and used to remove the fat layer that lies beneath the skin. After the incision is closed, the tunnels left by removal of the fat collapse and contract. The result is a reduction in the contour. When the procedure is small, it can be done under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis. procedures-2014-2/?r=US&IR=T#ZYeGsXottTZwqed.97 ISSN 2220-8488 (Print), 2221-0989 (Online) ©Center for Promoting Ideas, USA www.ijhssnet.com 132 Second, there is ‗the body builder‘ who seeks out similar procedures as the male model type, but wants to look more muscular and big. Third, there is ‗the CEO or board member‘ who is at the top of his career and feels confident but he is worried he does not look the part. The last is ‗the athletic dad‘ who is normally in his forties, married and has children. He typically goes for jawline, re-contouring, liposuction and small eyelift. It is asserted by many that men who opt for cosmetic surgery are driven by various reasons, among them being psychological reasons and the impact of men‘s body image dissatisfaction. As for the social aspects, seeking cosmetic surgery by men is the result of an unfavorable sociocultural environment in terms of life style, depiction of beauty and cultural stereotyped values placed on it, and the societal projection of manhood either in local cultures or in the media. The latter in particular drives this point home through endless programs in television and internet that sanctify the images of ‗stars‘, ‗heroes‘ or ‗divas‘, hence portraying an idealistic image of beauty. In a study on both genders conducted by a group of researchers in three hospitals in the region of Paris, 14 it has been explained that patients seeking cosmetic surgery are more anxious than the general population.15 The study asserts that patients lack self-confidence in society and seek improvement of self- esteem. They have a desire for social interaction and react to an emotional disturbance. It has also been concluded that social adjustment and acceptance was the main aim behind undergoing cosmetic surgery, as demonstrated in the respondents‘ answers to the question ―What has the surgery brought to your life?‖, to which about 87% of the responses emphasized on the positive changes such as ‗sense of well-being, greater self- confidence, joy or satisfaction, and even the increase of their chances of employment.16 It is a known fact that women‘s bodies in modern societies have become the locus of both increasing rates of obesity and body dissatisfaction. There is no doubt that both body image and excess weight can seriously impact women‘s physical and emotional health. The strong cultural value placed on thinness especially for women unfortunately may take precedence over health.17 Contemporary sociocultural environment is not just harmful but toxic in the aspect of body image as it is contributing to body dissatisfaction. In fact, women‘s bodies are overly exploited in many areas, such as the media in general, show business, fashion industry, advertisements, sex industry, beauty pageant competitions...etc and stereotyped beauty standards are rigidly defined regardless of race and culture. However, men usually go for certain types of cosmetic surgery, among them ‗body parts adjustment‘ and ‗reshape for aesthetic aims‘. In a study conducted by a group of researchers on 30 men who were seen for a cosmetic surgery between 1995 and 1997 at the University of Pennsylvania Medical centre, 18it was reported that men seek cosmetic interventions especially to adjust or reshape different body parts such as nose, eyes, and chin. The main reason that drove these men for this procedure was to look good or to reverse the effects of ageing. This same finding also corresponded with other studies.19Therefore, liposuction, nose surgery, eyelid surgery, face lift and Male breast reduction are highly requested.20 Men also undergo other types of cosmetic surgery such as hair implant, penis enlargement, pectoral implants, testicular implants, in addition to other special cosmetic surgeries sought by trans-genders in particular. 14Meningaud JP BenadibaL Servanta JM , Herve C, Bertrand JC , PelicierY.., (2003). Depression, anxiety and quality of life: outcomes 9 months after facial cosmetic surgery. Cranio- 2Flink. springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs002669900160 19Ibid 20Jerry Kennard. Plastic Surgery for Men.Article Doctor. [Internet] 2016 Mac 07 [cited Teenagers and Cosmetic Surgery: Focus on Breast Augmentation and Liposuction Diana Zuckerman, Ph.D.a and Anisha Abraham, M.D., M.P.H.b,* a National Research Center for Women & Families, Washington, DC b Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC Manuscript received June 13, 2007; manuscript accepted April 2, 2008 Abstract Two of the most popular and controversial cosmetic procedures for adolescents are liposuction and breast implants. In this review article, the procedures are discussed. In addition, the physiological and psychological reasons to delay these procedures, including concerns about body dysmorphic disorder and research findings regarding changes in teenagers’ body image as they mature, are described. The lack of persuasive empirical research on the mental health benefits of plastic surgery for teenagers is highlighted. Finally, the long-term financial and health implications of implanted medical devices with a limited lifespan are presented. Adolescent medicine providers need to be involved in improving informed decision making for these procedures, aware of the absence of data on the health
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