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complete facial structure (Global surgery): Apart from local surgery, plastic surgery can be performed to completely change the facial structure which is known as full face lift. Global plastic surgery is recommended for cases where functional damage has to be cured such as patients with fatal burns or trauma. Note that, global plastic surgery is primarily aimed at reconstructing the features to cure some functional damage rather than to improve the aesthetics. In this type of surgery, the appearance, texture and facial features of an individual are reconstructed to resemble normal human face but are usually not the same as the original face. Furthermore, global plastic surgery may also be used to entirely change the face appearance, skin texture and other facial geometries making it arduous for any face recognition system to recognize faces before and after surgery. Therefore, it can also be misused by criminals or individuals who want to remain elusive from law enforcement and pose a great threat to society despite all the security mechanism in-place. In the above mentioned categories of facial plastic surgery, there are several types of surgeries which are described as follows: 1) Rhinoplasty (nose surgery): It is used to reconstruct the nose in cases involving birth defects, accidents where nose bones are damaged and also to cure breathing problems caused due to the nasal structure. Cosmetic Rhinoplasty is used for those who wish to straighten or narrow their nose to improve their facial appearance. It is also used to prevent the nose structure deformation due to aging. 2) Blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery): Eyelid is the thin skin that covers and protects our eyes. Blepharoplasty may be used to reshape both upper as well as lower eyelid in cases where excessive growth of skin tissues on the eyelid causes vision problem. 3) Brow lift (forehead surgery): It is generally recommended for patients above the age of 50 who suffer from flagging eyebrows (due to aging) which obstruct vision. It is also helpful in removing thick wrinkles from the forehead and giving a younger look. 4) Genioplasty/Mentoplasty (chin surgery): It is mostly used to reshape the chin including smooth rounding of the chin, correcting bone damages, and reducing/augmenting chin bones. 5) Cheek implant: It is used to improve the facial appearance and it can be divided into two classes, malar and sub-malar augmentation. In malar augmentation a solid implant is fitted over the cheek bone whereas in sub-malar augmentation implants are fitted in the middle of the cheeks where the person has a recessed (hollow) look. 6) Otoplasty (ear surgery): It involves bringing the ears closer to the face, reducing the size of ears and orienting/pruning some structural ear elements. 7) Liposhaving (facial sculpturing): It is a technique used to get rid of the excess fat attached to the skin surface on the face, especially in chin and jaw regions. This technique is commonly used to remove the dual chin that grows because of surplus fat below the chin. 8) Skin resurfacing (skin peeling): There are different techniques such as laser resurfacing and chemical peel to treat wrinkles, stretch marks, acne and other skin damages caused due to aging and sun burn. Skin resurfacing results in smooth skin with ameliorated texture. 9) Rhytidectomy (face lift): It is used to treat patients with severe burns on face and neck. Face lift surgery can also be employed to fight aging and get a younger look by tightening the face skin and thus minifying wrinkles. 10) Lip augmentation: Lips have a pronounced role in an individual’s beauty. Cosmetic surgery for lip augmentation involves proper shaping and enhancement of lips with injectable filler substances. 11) Craniofacial: This type of surgery is employed to treat by-birth anomalies such as Clift lip and palate (a gap in the roof of mouth), microtia (small outer ear) and other congenital defects of jaws and bones. Some defects may be treated soon after birth but for some (like microtia), the patient may have to wait up to an age of 10-14 years. 12) Dermabrasion: It is used to give a smooth finish to the face skin by correcting the skin damaged by sun burns or scars (developed as a post surgery effect), dark irregular patches (melasma) that grow over the face skin and mole removal. 13) Non-surgical procedures: There are several non-surgical procedure for skin resurfacing, wrinkle removal, and acne/scars removal. For example, laser resurfacing for acne scars, photodynamic therapy or photo-rejuvenation treatments, and BOTOX or filler injections. Among all the techniques listed above Rhinoplasty, Blepharoplasty, Forehead surgery, cheek implant, Otoplasty, Lip augmentation, and Craniofacial are purely local surgeries. On the other hand, Rhytidectomy (face lift) is purely global plastic surgery whereas Liposhaving, Skin resurfacing, and Dermabrasion can be both local and global. Fig. 1 shows examples of pre and post plastic surgery images 1 . In order to protect the identity of the individuals, if possible, only the local facial features that are reconstructed are shown and not the complete face. These procedures usually alter the position of key fiducial points, thus changing the overall appearance of the face. This, in effect, leads to reduced performance of face recognition algorithms. The techniques that modify key fiducial points such as nose, forehead, chin,
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